Westward Migration & The American Dream
African Americans who migrated from the South to Kansas in 1879 seeking political freedom and land
Who were the Exodusters?
1890 event that sparked Turner's argument about American development.
What was the closing of the frontier?
Policy forcing tribes onto restricted areas in exchange for protection and supplies.
What was the Reservation System?
1876 Montana battle known as "Custer's Last Stand," a major Sioux/Cheyenne victory
What was the Battle of Little Bighorn?
1868 treaty recognizing the Black Hills as part of the Great Sioux Reservation.
What was the Treaty of Fort Laramie?
1862 law offering 160 acres of free public land to anyone who agreed to farm it for 5 years.
What was the Homestead Act?
Two core values Turner argued were shaped by the frontier experience.
Individualism, self-reliance, or democracy.
Animal whose near-extinction shattered Plains tribes' food, shelter, and culture.
What is the American Bison (Buffalo)?
Two major leaders who led allied Native forces at Little Bighorn.
Who were Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse?
1869 infrastructure achievement that accelerated settlement and buffalo hunting.
What was the Transcontinental Railroad?
Offered cheap land after the end of the civil war
What are the railroad company's
How the U.S. Army used buffalo extermination as a military strategy.
Destroying the main food supply forced tribes to surrender and move to reservations.
Process of forcing Native children into Euro-American culture via boarding schools.
What is assimilation (or Americanization)?
Spiritual movement promising the return of buffalo that alarmed federal authorities.
What was the Ghost Dance?
Philosophy behind "Kill the Indian in him, and save the man."
What were Native American Off-Reservation Boarding Schools? assimilation
Two non-land pull factors drawing settlers west in the late 19th century.
Transcontinental railroads, mining booms (gold/silver), cattle industry jobs.
Major critique modern historians have regarding Turner's thesis
It ignored the violent displacement of Native Americans and Hispanic populations.
1887 act breaking up communal tribal lands into individual private plots.
What was the Dawes Act?
Historical significance of the 1890 Wounded Knee Massacre.
It marked the end of armed Native American resistance on the Great Plains.
this event started because A rumor spread that Native Americans were responsible for the murder of a mining family
What is the Sand Creek Massacre
this caused the United States government to break the Second Treaty of Fort Laramie? (8.10.d)
Gold was discovered in the Black Hills.
Frederick Jackson Turner think was most important in the development of American
history? =
the frontier
Two negative long-term impacts of the Dawes Act on Native communities.
Loss of millions of tribal acres ("surplus land"), destruction of tribal identity, extreme poverty
This was given to 19 soldiers after Wounded Knee
the Congressional Medal of Honor
Pattern of U.S. enforcement regarding treaties by the early 20th century.
breaking, altering, or ignoring treaties as settler demand for land grew.