Measurements
The level of measurement that categorizes qualitative data using levels or names.
Nominal Level of Measurement
This term describes the entire target group that a research wants to draw conclusions about.
Population
Which sampling method is numbering every individual in a population roster and using a random generator to select your sample?
Simple Random Sample
In an experiment, what do we call the specific condition (like a pill, dosage, or environment) actively applied to the subjects?
The Treatment
In an experiment, this is the baseline group that receives an inactive treatment (or standard treatment) to provide a point of comparison.
Control Group
Classify this data type (qualitative or quantitative): A meteorologist records the wind direction of incoming storms.
This is the subset (or portion) of the population from whom we actually gather data to draw inferences about the whole population.
Sample
A principal walks down the hallway during first period and surveys the first 25 students she sees. What kind of bias is this?
Convenience Bias
Name the randomization technique where every experimental subject has an equal chance of receiving any treatment without being grouped or paired first.
Completely Randomized Design
This psychological or physiological response occurs when a subject exhibits a change simply because they believe they are receiving active medication.
The Placebo Effect
The level of measurement for quantitative data where differences between entries are consistent, but there is no inherent zero.
Interval Level of Measurement
A news anchor reports that "54.2% of all registered voters support the library bill." This percentage represents which statistical category (parameter or statistic)?
Parameter
Which sampling method splits the population into distinct, similar subgroups (like grade levels) and takes some people from each of the subgroups?
Stratified Sample
This randomization technique groups similar subjects together (like by age or course level) before randomly assigning treatments within those groups.
Randomized Block Design
Explain what a double-blind experiment is.
When neither the participants nor researchers know who is receiving the treatment and who is receiving the placebo.
Identify the level of measurement for a biology student's data log tracking the physical weight (in grams) of lab mice.
Ratio Level of Measurement
A researcher surveys 15 high schoolers in Rockbridge County about their opinion on after-school clubs. Identify the sample.
The 15 highschoolers who were interviewed
If a city council mails surveys to 1,000 residents, but only the 45 residents who feel passionately about the topic mail them back, the results suffer from this kind of bias.
Non-response Bias or Voluntary Response Bias
In this specific experimental design, subjects are paired based on similar characteristics, or the same subject receives both treatments in a randomized order.
Matched-Pairs Design
What are the three key elements of experimental design?
Control, Randomization, and Replication
Identify the level of measurement of the jersey number of athletes in different leagues.
Nominal Level of Measurement
Briefly explain when it's best to use each of the three types of studies: survey, experiment, and observation.
Survey - gathering data quickly about opinions and attitudes
Observation - observing people's natural behaviors
Experiment - to determine a cause-and-effect relationship
Pick two bias types and give one ORIGINAL example for each.
(Answer will vary)
Explain what a confounding variable it and come up with one example of a confounding variable.
A confounding variable is an unmeasured factor that influences the results of an experiment.
(Answer will vary for the example)
Explain how placebo and blinding control researcher and subject expectations in an experiment.
(Answers may vary)