Psychometric Approach
What does the psychometric approach to intelligence measure?
It measures intelligence through standardized IQ scores.
Who developed the triarchic theory of intelligence?
Robert Sternberg.
What does heritability mean in relation to intelligence?
The proportion of intelligence differences explained by genetics.
What is the difference between adaptive and maladaptive behaviour?
Adaptive helps cope with daily life; maladaptive interferes with it.
What is a psychological disorder?
A pattern of thoughts, feelings, or behaviours that cause distress or impairment.
Name one common IQ test used to measure intelligence.
Stanford–Binet or Wechsler scales (WAIS-IV/WISC-V).
Name one type of intelligence in Gardner’s multiple intelligences.
Examples: linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, spatial, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalistic.
Name one type of study used to investigate heritability of intelligence.
Twin, family, or adoption studies.
What does the sociocultural approach to normality suggest?
Normality is based on cultural norms
Give one example of an anxiety disorder.
Phobias, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder.
How does the Stanford–Binet scale assess intelligence?
It measures cognitive abilities across five factors (e.g., fluid reasoning, knowledge).
According to Goleman, what does emotional intelligence (EQ) focus on?
Recognising, understanding, and managing one’s own and others’ emotions.
What did the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart suggest about intelligence?
Genetic factors strongly influence intelligence (about 70% heritability).
Which approach to normality looks at whether behaviour interferes with everyday functioning?
The functional approach.
Identify one characteristic of schizophrenia.
Delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking.
Compare the WAIS-IV and WISC-V in terms of who they are designed for.
WAIS-IV is for adults; WISC-V is for children.
How does the information processing approach differ from the psychometric approach?
It focuses on how people think and solve problems, not just scores.
How do adoption studies provide evidence for the role of environment in intelligence?
Adopted children’s IQs can resemble adoptive families, showing environmental influence.
Give an example of how the historical approach defines normality.
Beliefs in witchcraft were once considered normal but aren’t today.
Differentiate between bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder.
Bipolar includes episodes of mania and depression; depression only includes low mood.
Why are validity and reliability important when using IQ tests?
Validity ensures the test measures intelligence; reliability ensures consistent results
Compare and contrast Gardner’s theory with Sternberg’s.
Gardner sees multiple independent intelligences; Sternberg emphasises three interacting types (analytical, creative, practical).
Evaluate the extent to which intelligence is inherited vs influenced by environment.
Both play roles; genetics sets potential, environment shapes outcomes.
Discuss how statistical and functional approaches to normality may lead to different conclusions.
A rare but harmless trait may be “abnormal” statistically but not functionally.
Discuss the reliability and validity issues involved in diagnosing psychological disorders.
Symptoms overlap, cultural differences exist, and clinicians may interpret differently.