Skeletal
The anatomical term meaning “towards the midline of the body.”
Medial
The muscle primarily responsible for knee extension.
Quadriceps
The blood vessel responsible for carrying oxygenated blood away from the left ventricle.
Aorta
The movement of gases from an area of high concentration to low concentration across a membrane.
Diffusion
A training method involving alternating periods of high-intensity work and recovery to improve aerobic and anaerobic fitness.
Interval training
Name the three components required to identify a lever system in the body.
Axis (fulcrum), force (effort), and resistance (load)
The type of muscular contraction where force is produced while the muscle lengthens.
Eccentric contraction
Bicuspid (mitral) valve
Vasodilation and vasoconstriction
The structure where gas exchange occurs between the lungs and bloodstream.
Alveoli
This method artificially increases the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood by increasing red blood cell count.
EPO (erythropoietin) or blood doping
This joint classification allows no movement and is primarily responsible for protection.
Fibrous joint
The most common lever system found in the human body and an example.
Third-class lever
The valve located between the left atrium and left ventricle.
Bicuspid (mitral) valve
Name two structural features of alveoli that improve gaseous exchange efficiency.
Thin walls / large surface area / surrounded by capillaries
A sociocultural issue associated with athletes using performance-enhancing drugs.
Role modelling negative behaviours / unfair advantage / pressure on athletes
Explain why second-class levers are considered force multipliers.
The force arm is longer than the resistance arm, increasing mechanical advantage and allowing greater force production
This muscle fibre type has high oxidative capacity, high capillary density, and strong fatigue resistance.
Type I slow twitch fibres
This plateaus at approximately 40–60% of VO₂ max during exercise.
Stroke volume
During exercise, ventilation increases primarily to meet the body’s increased demand for these two processes.
Increased oxygen delivery and carbon dioxide removal
How can you improve movement speed by increasing the length of the resistance arm?
Equipment modification
During a tennis serve, the shoulder joint performs this movement pattern as the arm traces a circular path to generate force and speed.
Circumduction at the shoulder joint
According to the size principle, which motor units are recruited first during low-intensity exercise and why?
Small motor units containing Type I fibres. Lower threshold
This blood vessel type has the greatest total cross-sectional area in the body
Capillaries
This muscle contracts during forced expiration
Intercostal muscles
This type of training is most effective for improving phosphocreatine recovery and repeated sprint ability.
High-intensity interval training (HIIT)