Section 1
What four long-term causes do historians identify as leading to World War I?
Historians identify nationalism, imperialism, militarism, and the alliance system as the four long-term causes of World War I. Together, these forces increased rivalry, competition, and mistrust among European nations.
What was the Selective Service Act, and why was it necessary?
The Selective Service Act required men to register for military service. It allowed the government to raise a large army quickly.
What was the War Industries Board, and what role did it play?
The War Industries Board coordinated industrial production. It set priorities, standardized products, and allocated raw materials.
What events in 1918 signaled that the Central Powers were collapsing?
Germany faced military defeat, internal unrest, and shortages. Its allies surrendered, and revolution broke out at home.
Who were the Allies, and which nations initially made up this group? Who were the Central Powers, and which empires were included?
The Allies originally included Great Britain, France, and Russia. The United States later joined. The Central Powers included Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire.
How did the convoy system help protect Allied shipping?
The convoy system grouped merchant ships together and protected them with warships. This strategy greatly reduced losses from U-boat attacks.
Why did the government use propaganda during World War I?
Propaganda was used to build public support for the war. It encouraged patriotism and unity but also stirred hostility toward dissenters.
What were President Wilson’s Fourteen Points meant to achieve?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points outlined a plan for lasting peace. They emphasized fairness, democracy, and international cooperation.
Why was the Balkan region known as the “powder keg of Europe”?
The Balkans were called the “powder keg of Europe” because of ethnic tensions and competing nationalist movements. Larger European powers also sought influence in the region, increasing instability.
How did new weapons such as tanks, airplanes, and poison gas change warfare?
New weapons increased destruction and casualties. Tanks broke through defenses, airplanes added aerial combat, and poison gas caused horrific injuries to soldiers on the battlefield.
What were the Espionage Act and the Sedition Act designed to prevent?
The Espionage and Sedition Acts aimed to prevent interference with the war effort. They criminalized criticism of the government and military.
What was the League of Nations, and what was its purpose?
The League of Nations was an international organization designed to keep peace. It aimed to resolve disputes through diplomacy.
Why were U.S. economic ties stronger with the Allies than with the Central Powers?
The United States traded far more with Britain and France than with Germany. American banks also loaned billions of dollars to the Allies, strengthening economic ties.
Who led the American Expeditionary Force (AEF), and what was the AEF?
General John J. Pershing commanded the American Expeditionary Force. The AEF was part of the American military nicknamed the "Dough Boys"
Why did some Americans oppose U.S. involvement in the war?
Some Americans opposed the war for moral, political, or economic reasons. Pacifists and socialists viewed it as unnecessary or unjust.
Why did many European leaders disagree with Wilson’s peace plan?
European leaders wanted to punish Germany and protect their own interests (France wanting to prevent another invasion, Italy wanted control of Austria-Hungary territory, British Prime Minister won election on the slogan "Make Germany Pay"). They felt Wilson’s plan was too idealistic.
How did Germany’s policy of unrestricted submarine warfare challenge U.S. neutrality?
Unrestricted submarine warfare meant German U-boats attacked ships without warning. This policy threatened American lives and shipping, violating U.S. neutrality.
How did American troops help turn the tide of the war in 1918?
American troops helped stop German offensives and launched successful attacks in 1918. Their fresh forces and morale boosted Allied success.
How did World War I create new opportunities for women and African Americans?
Women and African Americans took jobs left vacant by men serving in the military. This expanded economic opportunities and challenged traditional roles in society.
How did the Treaty of Versailles punish Germany?
The Treaty of Versailles forced Germany to accept blame for the war. It imposed territorial losses, military restrictions, and heavy reparations.