Titles
Head of the Roman Catholic Church
Pope
Residence of a community of monks
To take away church membership by religious authority
Excommunicate
Pope Innocent III launched a military campaign to eliminate Catharism in southern France.
Albigensian Crusade (1209–1229)
A 12th–13th century religious sect based in southern France that practiced a dualistic form of Christianity.
Albigensians/Cathars
A figure of authority in the Christian Church
Bishop
Residence of a community of nuns
Nunnery
Group of people called together for a specific purpose
Council
This document established the principle that the king was not above the law, and laid the foundation for constitutional monarchy.
Magna Carta
A 12th-century Christian movement emphasizing voluntary poverty, lay preaching, and Bible study in the vernacular
Waldensians
A leader of a nunnery
Abbess
Monastic community of men or women living by rules governing their religious lives. (not a place)
Order
The study of the natural world and is representative of an early form of scientific inquiry.
Natural Philosophy
A military expedition undertaken by European Christians in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries to recover the Holy Land from the Muslims
Crusades
A cloistered contemplative order of nuns, emphasizing living in strict enclosure, focusing on poverty, prayer, and manual labor.
The Poor Clares
A lesser noble who holds land from a feudal lord and receives protection in return
Area of a monastery used for meditation and growing medicinal herbs.
Cloister
Forgiveness of sins granted by a church authority
Absolution
The Fourth Lateran Council was called in 1215 to address these two issues.
Clerical reform & heretical threats
A major mendicant religious order within the Catholic Church, dedicated to preaching, poverty, and serving the marginalized.
The Franciscans
One who follows a teacher or a master
Disciple
Area of a monastery used for writing and keeping books.
Scriptorium
To formally condemn, denounce, or curse someone or something strongly.
Anathemize
This decree issued in 1166 standardized legal procedures and introduced grand juries, requiring local communities to report suspected criminals to the king’s officials.
Assize of Clarendon (Henry II)
A mendicant religious order characterized by a focus on preaching, education, and intellectual study combined with active missionary work in cities.
The Dominicans