Research Methods
Damage to a brain area
Lesion
The thin fiber of a neuron responsible for transmitting nerve impulses toward other neurons, organs, or muscles
Axon
The average resting potential
-70mV
5HT is the abbreviation for...
Serotonin
This type of glia cell removes waste material, such as dead cells and other potential harmful organisms.
Microglia
Tool used to damage the brain, microdialysis, and implantation of various compounds.
Stereotaxic instrument
Afferent refers to...
bringing information into a structure
What happens at the peak of the action potential?
NA+ channels snap shut
This neurotransmitter is excititory
Glutamate
Function of the prefrontal cortex
Higher order processes (planning, working memory, attention, impulse control, abstract thinking, problem solving, and motor function)
EEG stands for ___ and is used to ___
Electroencephalogram and is used for scanning brain waves
These two glial cells are responsible for building the myelin sheath.
Oligodendrocytes (in the CNS, myelinate many) and Schwann cells (in the PNS, single)
During what stage and what direction do Na+ cross and K+ cross?
Sodium (Na+) rushes into the cell during the up slope, depolarization. Potassium (K+) slowly moves out during the down slope, repolarization.
An action potential triggers _____ to enter, releasing a neurotransmitter
Calcium (Ca+2)
What is the predominant neurotransmitter associated with IPSP's?
GABA and glycine
This device involves the application of a powerful magnetic field to image the brain.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
The protein-mediated process that expends energy to pump chemicals from the blood into the brain.
Active transport
During this stage, if a stimulus is greater than the previous another action potential can be sent.
Relative Refractory period
This type of chemical communication is fast but short acting, when the neurotransmitter attaches to a receptor it immediately opens the ion channels.
Ionotropic effects
Repeated stimulus around the same area that's below the threshold can accumulate and trigger and action potential.
Spatial Summation
Name the four main behavioral neuroscience methods.
•Examine the effects of brain damage
• Examine the effects of stimulating the brain
• Record brain activity during behavior
• Correlate brain anatomy with behavior
___ neurons are efferent, where ____ neurons are afferent
Motor;Sensory
List the seven steps of action potentials and what is occurring in the correct order
1. Resting potential (polarized): cell is at rest.
2. Stimulus hits the threshold of excitation: a stimulus large enough to trigger an action potential.
3. Depolarization: Na+ channels open, rushing into the cell, creating a positive charge.
4. Peak: Na+ channels snap shut and K+ channels slowly open.
5. Repolarization: K+ slowly exits the cell decreasing the charge.
6. Hyperpolarization (absolute and relative periods): Undershoot, charge is below resting potential. During the first half is absolute refractory period where not potential can be triggered. During the second half is relative refractory period where a stimulus greater then the previous can trigger an action potential.
7. Return to resting potential
Acetylcholinesterase breaks down acetylcholine into ____ and ____
Acetate and choline
A mechanism that surrounds the brain and blocks most chemical from entering, it prevents bacteria and unwanted substances out of the brain as well as needed things such as glucose which gets into the brain via active transport.
The Blood-brain barrier