heredity vs environment
explain the nature vs nurture issue
nature: heredity/genetics
nurture: environment/upbringing
which has more impact on who we are?
interaction of both
1. What are the three types of neurons?
2. what is it called when the message travels to the spinal cord and back, skipping the brain for speed?
1. sensory neurons, which transmit signals from sensory organs to the brain and spinal cord; motor neurons, which send commands from the brain to muscles and glands; and interneurons, which connect sensory and motor neurons to process information within the brain and spinal cord
2. reflex arc
what is the main difference between neurotransmitters and hormones?
neurotransmitters are quicker to act but faster to leave body
hormones are slower to act but last longer in the body
Clive Wearing, an English musician, suffered brain damage from infection. As a result, he lost the ability to form any new memories, but he still was able to play the piano. What part of the brain was damaged?
hippocampus- cerebellum allowed him to have procedural mem of playing piano
1. What tool is used to study brain waves?
2. What tool is used to see brain structure and activity?
1. EEG
2. fMRI
what happened when people used Darwin's evolutionary theory and natural selection to support selective human breeding?
eugenics- a social and political philosophy, based loosely on Charles Darwin’s evolutionary theory and Francis Galton’s research on hereditary genius, that seeks to eradicate genetic defects and improve the genetic makeup of populations through selective human breeding
after an action potential, a neurotransmitter is released into the....
synapse
A. an undersupply of dopamine is associated with
b. an oversupply of dopamine is associated with
a. Parkinson's
b. schizophrenia
explain the function of each of the below:
a.brainstem and medulla
b.thalamus
c.hypothalamus
d.hippocampus
e.amygdala
f.RAS
a.breathing, heart rate, swallowing
b. Takes incoming sensory information except smell and directs it to the part of the brain that will process it.
c. homeostasis/regulation
d. declarative memory (facts, events, spatial) long term
e. an almond-shaped structure that is a component of the limbic system. It plays an important role in memory, emotion, perception of threat, and fear learning.
f. alertness and attention- on/off for consciousness
what is neuroplasticity, and when is it strongest?
brain's ability to adapt and form new neural connections- when younger
explain the difference between epigenetics and eugenics
epigentics: the study of changes in organisms caused by modification of gene expression rather than alteration of the genetic code itself.
eugenics: discriminatory selective breeding
explain the process of an action potential using the toilet analogy for the below terms:
Resting potential
Threshold
Action potential
All or none principle
Direction of impulse
Refractory period
resting potential- negative before AP
threshold- must reach min activation to fire
action potential- sends impulse down axon
all or none- either fires completley or doesn't
direction of impulse- goes from cell body to terminal buttons
refractory period- needs time before firing again
what drugs mimic or enhance the effect of neurotransmitters while
what drugs block or reduce the effects of neurotransmitters.
agonists
antagonists
Carl had a tumor attached to his cerebellum. Once the tumor was removed, he experienced changes to his day-to-day functioning. Which of the following would be expected after the removal of part of Carl's cerebellum?
a. inability to form new mems
b. difficulty seeing a portion of the visual field
c. numbness in his left side
d. trouble in recognizing facial expressions related to distress
e. uncoordinated and jerky movements
E
what are the three main brain parts that have a role in memory? what is different about how they play a role in memory?
hippocampus- declarative memory- facts, events, spatial, long term
amygdala- emotional memories
cerebellum- procedural memory
explain what the below shows about nature vs nurture:
-identical twins
-fraternal twins
-adoption
identical twins share 100% of DNA, so any differences are due to nurture
fraternal twins share 50% of DNA
adoption studies are used to see if the child turns out more like the adopted parents (nurture) or bio parents (nature)
organize and explain each element of the nervous system using the cards
nervous system
PNS and CNS
CNS: spinal cord and brain
PNS: autonomic and somatic
autonomic: sympathetic (fight/flight) and parasympathetic (rest and digest)
somatic: voluntary- sensory input, motor output
List the definition and drugs that go under the below category:
1. stimulants
2. depressants
3. opioids
4. hallucinogens
1. increase neural activity- caffeine, nicotine, cocaine, meth
2. slow down neural activity- alcohol, barbiturates, benzodiazepines
3. act as endorphins- pain relief: heroin, methadone
4. distort perceptions- THC, LSD
Demonstrate the acronym to remember the lobes. Name and explain each lobe function.
Funky moms smoke pot on tuesday
Ruth and Debbie are identical twins who were raised by the same family. Vince and Frankie are identical twins who
were separated at birth and raised by different families. According to research on the heritability of personality
traits, Ruth's and Debbie's personalities are statistically:
(A) more likely to be similar to one another than are Vince’s and Frankie’s personalities
(B) likely to be as similar and dissimilar to one another as are Vince’s and Frankie’s personalities
(C) more likely to be dissimilar to one another than are Vince’s and Frankie’s personalities
(D) less likely to match on the personality dimensions of
B-
This was the main conclusion of the large-scale Minnesota twin study and has been further
supported by more recent research studies about twins. Identical twins raised apart have the capacity to
be just as similar and dissimilar as twins raised together.
draw, label, and explain the functions of the parts of the neuron
need:
soma/cell body
dendrites
axon, myelin sheath
terminal buttons
synapse
What do the below neurotransmitters do?
a. Acetylcholine
b. Dopamine
c. Serotonin
d. Norepinephrine
e. GABA
f. Glutamate
a. muscle contraction
b. reward, pleasure
c. mood regulation
d. fight/flight
e. calm down (inhibitory)
f. hype up- learning and focus (excitatory)
the image of your friend's face that is on the retinas in your eyes is sent to your brain through the optic nerve. Before you can perceive your friend's face, though, an image must be received and transmitted to the visual cortex in the occipital lobe by the...
thalamus