Intro to Chem
What are the 3 subatomic particles in an atom and what are the charges of each of them?
neutron: neutral charge
proton: positive charge
electron: negative charge
What macromolecule are enzymes?
proteins
Why is water polar?
Water is polar because it has an uneven distribution of charges. Oxygen has a partial negative charge and hydrogen has a partial positive charge.
What are the main elements that makeup cells?
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus.
When amino acids bind together, what is that bond called?
If an atom has 5 valence electrons, how many more does it want to become stable?
3 (atoms usually want 8 valence electrons to become stable)
In a chemical reaction equation, what side of the arrow are reactants on? Products?
Reactants are on the left side of the arrow and products are on the right side.
Explain the difference between adhesion and cohesion.
Adhesion: water is attracted to other substances.
For 100 extra points, what types of substances is water attracted to?
What is a monomer and what is a polymer?
A monomer is a basic unit (building block) and a polymer is comprised of many monomers.
What are the 3 parts of a nucleotide?
sugar, base, phosphate group
If an atom has 3 neutrons, 8 protons, and 6 electrons, what is the atomic mass?
11! (neutrons and protons contribute to the atomic mass)
What is the activation energy of a chemical reaction?
It is the minimum amount of energy that must be provided to reactants for them to react in order to form products
What is the difference between a homogeneous and heterogeneous mixture?
A homogenous mixture has a uniform mix of 2+ substances.
A heterogeneous mixture has a random distribution of 2+ substances.
For 200 extra points, what type of mixture is a solution, and what are the 2 components of a solution?
What are the functions of nucleic acids? What elements do they contain?
Nucleic acids serve as the genetic code and an energy source (ATP). They contain CHONP.
What are the monomers of lipids?
fatty acids and glycerol
What are the horizontal and vertical rows on the periodic table called?
Horizontal: periods
Vertical: groups
What do enzymes do to the activation energy of chemical reactions? What do enzymes do to the rate of chemical reactions?
Enzymes decrease the activation energy and increase the rate of chemical reactions.
Which numbers on the pH scale indicate a substance is acidic? Neutral? Basic?
Acidic: 0-6
Neutral: 7
Basic: 8-14
What is the monomer of carbohydrates called? Give an example.
What are polymers of carbohydrates called? Give an example.
Monomers of carbohydrates are called monosaccharides and glucose is an example.
Polymers of carbohydrates are called disaccharides/polysaccharides and lactose and starch are examples.
When proteins fold with other proteins, what stage of protein folding is that?
Quaternary
Isotopes are atoms with differing numbers of neutrons
Carbon-12 has 6 neutrons and Carbon-14 has 8 neutrons
Explain how the substrate and active site are connected and cause an enzyme to catalyze a chemical reaction.
Substrates and the enzyme's active site fit like a puzzle piece or a lock-and-key. Enzymes are specific to the substrates they work on. Substrates attach to the active site and the activation energy is lowered, which speeds up the rate of the reaction.
How does the amount of H+ or OH- compare in bases?
In bases, OH- > H+.
In acids, H+ > OH-.
What structural identifiers do lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids have? What does each of those macromolecules have that help us ID them?
Lipids have hydrocarbon tails. Nucleic acids and carbohydrates have carbon rings.
What are the functions of lipids? What elements do they contain?
Lipids provide insulation, store long-term energy, act as water barriers (cell membrane), and build tissue and muscle.
They contain CHO