SYMBIOSIS
What is facultative symbiosis? What is obligatory symbiosis?
Facultative: relationship isn't needed but helps
Obligatory: relationship is needed for at least 1 organism
Fill in the blank: A nonsense mutation results in a ....
stop codon
Fill in the blank: Catabolism helps (enter) molecules, whereas anabolism helps (enter) molecules.
1. break down
2. build up
What is the central dogma of biology?
DNA to RNA to Protein.
What are the three general stages of transcription?
1. promotor region
2. coding region
3. terminator region
What are the three main types of antagonism?
predation, parasitic, competition
What is the difference between a spontaneous and induced mutation?
Spontaneous: mutation occurs naturally without outside influence.
Induced: DNA mutation through interactions with a mutagen
The final acceptor for oxidative phosphorylation in anaerobic respiration is...
inorganic molecules (nitrates, sulfates, iron compounds)
True or False: DNA polymerase adds 5'-3' and reads 3'-5'.
True
Why is Rho-dependent termination better at times?
they form strong connections with the G=C bonds
True or False: Contact independent uses secretion systems, whereas contact dependent sends out lytic enzymes and antibiotics.
False; its vice versa
What does UV radiation form?
a) silent mutations
b) Okazaki fragments
c) thymine dimers
d) frameshift mutation
C) Thymine Dimers
In glycolysis, what if the first molecule being metabolized and what is the end product?
Starting: glucose
Ending: pyruvate
What are three differences between DNA and RNA?
1. Different sugars (ribose= RNA; deoxyribose=DNA)
2. Different base pairing (A-U =RNA; A-T= DNA)
3. Different strands (RNA= single stranded; DNA= double stranded)
What is the Svedberg constant measuring?
mass, fold, density
Give an example of an organism that uses cooperation symbiosis.
Lichen
True or false: Frameshift mutations are the most harmful because they change everything after the fact.
True
What is the pathway to making ethanol in fermentation?
pyruvate -> acetaldehyde -> ethanol
What is the ORI?
the site on a chromosome/plasmid where DNA replication is initiated.
List an example of a start codon and a stop codon.
Start: AUG
Stop: UAG