Voyages and Encounters
Although this expedition’s commander died during the journey, his surviving crew completed the first voyage around the world in 1522.
Ferdinand Magellan’s expedition
emand for this animal’s fur shaped French colonization and encouraged competition over hunting territories in North America.
beaver
This French colony, located in present-day Haiti, became an exceptionally wealthy producer of sugar and coffee.
Saint-Domingue
This French monarch made Versailles the center of an elaborate court where nobles competed for royal favor.
Louis XIV
Founded by Ignatius Loyola, this Catholic religious order established missions in the Americas, India, Japan, and China.
Jesuits or Society of Jesus
This city became the Tokugawa seat of government and was later renamed Tokyo.
Edo
This term describes a government in which a monarch claims supreme authority without sharing power with a representative assembly.
absolutism
This Portuguese explorer sailed around Africa and reached India, where he encountered established trading networks and experienced Muslim navigators.
Vasco da Gama
These establishments spread from the Islamic world to Europe and became places to exchange news, discuss politics, and conduct business over a stimulating drink.
coffeehouses
Civil wars and kidnapping became so widespread in this African kingdom that farmers carried weapons into their fields and left children in guarded stockades.
Kongo
This revolution brought William and Mary to the English throne and established that monarchs must govern in conjunction with Parliament.
Glorious Revolution
Denied the opportunity to attend university, this woman in New Spain entered a convent, where she pursued scholarship and wrote celebrated poetry.
Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz
This people conquered China and established the Qing dynasty while ruling a much larger Han Chinese population.
Manchus
This maneuverable sailing ship used triangular sails that helped Portuguese explorers navigate African coastal waters.
caravel
Also called Doña Marina, this Indigenous woman served as an interpreter and assisted Cortés during his campaign against the Aztecs.
La Malinche
Known by the initials VOC, this company used military force and monopoly power to pursue profits from Southeast Asian spices.
Dutch East India Company
This capital served as the center of the Asante state’s road system and expanding commercial networks.
Kumasi
This 1648 settlement ended the Thirty Years’ War and recognized that competing Catholic and Protestant states would have to coexist.
Peace of Westphalia, or Treaty of Westphalia
This Safavid ruler developed Isfahan’s great plaza as a space connecting commerce, government, and religion.
Shah Abbas I
This popular Japanese theater combined song, dance, dramatic staging, elaborate costumes, and conflicts between duty and passion.
Kabuki
This term describes the blending of religious traditions, such as Indigenous beliefs and rituals merging with Christianity in the Americas.
syncretism
This conquistador exploited divisions within the Inca Empire and captured Atahualpa after arranging a meeting at Cajamarca.
Francisco Pizarro
This English law of 1651 protected national shipping by requiring English ships to carry goods between England and its colonies.
Navigation Act
Explain how the introduction of maize and cassava could partly offset population losses in Africa without ending the destructive effects of the slave trade.
crops supplied more calories and supported population growth, while warfare, kidnapping, and forced migration continued.
These Ottoman reforms combined financial changes and efforts against corruption, temporarily restoring state strength before the failed siege of Vienna in 1683.
Köprülü reforms
Explain how the Council of Trent responded to Protestant criticism while preserving Catholic religious authority.
it addressed clerical corruption while reaffirming Catholic doctrine
This movement introduced European knowledge about subjects such as medicine and technology into Japan through its limited contact with Dutch traders.
Dutch learning
This system required European traders to work through authorized Chinese merchants who guaranteed their behavior and payment of fees.
Canton system
Captain Cook’s first voyage combined a public scientific assignment with a secret imperial mission. Identify both objectives.
observing the transit of Venus and finding and claiming a southern continent for Britain
How did the South Sea Bubble reveal the risks of expanding overseas commerce?
People invested expecting huge profits, but when stock prices crashed, many lost their money
Explain how the slave trade’s preference for adult men helped create continuing demand for more captives in the Caribbean. Include two connected factors.
gender imbalance that limited population growth through births and high death rates under brutal plantation conditions
Explain why Britain’s victory in the Seven Years’ War reduced the bargaining power of Indigenous peoples in North America and local rulers in India.
Britain’s stronger position reduced their ability to play competing European powers against one another
Ottoman officials were educated through three distinct systems: palace schools, madrasas, and tekkes. Identify the group each system prepared students to join.
civil and military administrators, Islamic religious scholars (ulama), and Sufi religious orders
Although Qing rulers promoted Chinese traditions to legitimize their rule, they also sought to preserve their Manchu identity. Name two policies that reinforced this distinction.
banning intermarriage between Manchus and Han Chinese and producing or translating official documents in Manchu
Why did Louis XIV require powerful nobles to spend time at Versailles?
to draw nobles away from their local power bases and make them compete for royal favor, reducing their ability to challenge the king