Arteries/veins
Deoxygenated blood leaves the heart through what structure?
Pulmonary Artery
True or False? CN X provides sympathetic innervation to the heart.
False. CN X the vagus nerve is responsible for parasympathetic innervation.
To perform auscultation of the mitral valve, where must you place the stethoscope?
Midclavicular line in the Left 5th ICS
A patient comes into the emergency department and complains of SOB (shortness of breath). The physician decides to perform auscultation off the heart and lungs. The physician begins to count the patients ribs to ensure he is listening in the correct anatomical landmarks. What rib does the physician begin counting at and why?
The 2nd rib, because the first rib is behind the sternoclavicular joint and cannot be palpated
True/False: damage to the L parietal pleura will result in a collapsed contralateral (R) lung.
False: Ipsilateral damage to the parietal pleura or visceral pleura will NOT affect the contralateral lung because each lung is in its own cavity and the pleural sacs do not communicate with one another.
The internal barometer that can be seen with jugular vein distension is?
External Jugular Vein
A pt states they are experiencing chest pain during exercise. They mention a history of pericarditis and mention sometimes the pain moves to the shoulder region. What nerve and roots does it travel to reach the shoulder.
Supraclavicular C3-C4
Systole
During systole, the mitral valve is supposed to be closed but in the event of prolapse, the valve remains slightly opened, sending blood back into the L atrium causing a murmur
True/false: The correct order of air flow from the oral/nasal cavity is:
Oral/nasal cavity - pharynx - larynx - trachea - main bronchi - lobar bronchi - segmental bronchi- bronchioles - respiratory bronchioles - terminal bronchioles - alveolar ducts - alveoli
False
The correct order is:
Oral/nasal cavity - pharynx - larynx - trachea - main bronchi - lobar bronchi - segmental bronchi- bronchioles - terminal bronchioles - respiratory bronchioles - alveolar ducts - alveoli
Why is fluid accumulation in the pericardial sac (cardiac tamponade) a fatal condition?
The compressed heart chamber doesn’t allow the heart walls to expand resulting in decreased stretch/expansion and decreased cardiac output (blood flow out to the systemic circulation)
True or False? Venous drainage of the supraorbital vein in order is Supraorbital, Superior Ophthalmic, Sigmoid Sinus, Cavernous Sinus, External Jugular.
False. Supraorbital, Superior Ophthalmic, Cavernous Sinus, inferior petrosal sinus, Sigmoid Sinus, Internal Jugular.
You are evaluating a pt with a whiplash injury, you discover they have weakness during scapular upward rotation and extension of the cervical spine. What do you suspect is affected?
Spinal Accessory. Pt may have compression or damage to this nerve affecting ability to use upper trapezius during scapular upward rotation and during co-contraction with SCM for cervical extension.
Presynaptic sympathetic fibers conducting impulses to the heart exit the spinal cord between T1-T5 and synapse with post synaptic neurons in the following sympathetic ganglia: superior, middle, and inferior cervical ganglia _____ and the superior thoracic ganglia ______.
C4-C8
T1-T5
A 46 year old female comes to your Outpatient PT clinic complaining of L arm pain. Upon your examination, you detect cutaneous pallor, coldness in her LUE, and a diminished radial Pulse. You suspect this patient is experiencing thoracic outlet syndrome. What are you going to say to your patient to explain what is going on?
There is an obstruction of the blood vessels that exit out of that opening (thoracic aperture) that may be causing your symptoms.
True/False: Right lateral flexion of the SCM will result in right rotation of the head
False: right lateral flexion of the SCM will result in Left rotation of the head
ACA- Anterior Cerebral Artery
While working in an inpatient setting you read the chart of your pt, and it states they have difficulty with speech after complications during open heart surgery. What can you guess to be the cause?
Damage of the left recurrent laryngeal nerve.
You are a physical therapist in a hospital. You are going to perform an initial evaluation on a patient and perform a chart review before entering their room. You notice the chart mentioned the patient currently has an esophageal carcinoma. What challenge will you probably encounter when trying to communicate with this patient?
The patient will have speech issues due to the recurrent Laryngeal nerve being compressed.
A 60 year old male is rushed to the emergency department complaining of SOB (shortness of breath). A radiograph detects there is excess amount of fluid in the costodiaphragmatic recess. The physician decides an emergency thoracentesis must be performed. Where and how must this procedure be performed to safely remove the fluid in this area?
Have the patient upright and insert the needle into the 9th ICS (superior to the rib) at an upward angle
A tumor at the inferior border of the pons will directly affect what artery that is formed there?
Basilar Artery
The Circle of Willis includes?
Anterior Cerebral, Anterior Communicating, Internal Carotid, Posterior Communicating, Posterior Cerebral
While doing home rehab on a pt after being discharged from the hospital following a lobectomy. You try diaphragmatic breathing and notice one side of the abdomen rises and the other stays flat. What is affected.
Phrenic Nerve. Abdominal cavity during breathing is being pushed to one side due to hemiparesis of the diaphragm.
A new patient comes to your clinic with a history of mitral valve stenosis. During your history taking, the patient confesses that they have recently been experiencing difficulty with swallowing. Why may this be happening?
A 16 year old girl is in the middle of a basket ball game and is having trouble catching her breath, so her coach pulls her out of the game. What advice should her coach giver her to help her catch her breath?
Lean forward and place your hands on your thigh to allow the accessory respiratory muscle to assist with breathing. This expands your thorax and makes it easier to breathe.
1. Middle Meningeal artery
2. Inferior alveolar artery
3. Posterior superior alveolar artery
4. Infraorbital artery (ant/mid superior alveolar arteries)
5. Branches to the muscles of mastication