Cell Structure and Function
What are some main organelle differences between a plant and animal cell?
Plants have a cell wall, central vacuole, and chloroplasts while animal cells do not.
Animal cells have cilia and flagella when plant cells do not.
What are the SA and V formulas for cuboidal cells?
SA= l x w x number of sides
V=l x w x h
Draw an unsaturated tail and a saturated tail and label them.
Saturated hydrophobic tails are straight and unsaturated ones are bent due to an extra H bond.
What does selectively permeable mean?
The cell membrane regulates what can go into and out of the cell.
What is diffusion?
Movement of molecules in the direction of the concentration gradient due to random collisions
What organelle makes lipids?
The Smooth ER
What is the difference between surface area and volume?
SA: the places that are exposed to the outside
Volume: the space stored on the inside
What are glycoproteins?
Carbohydrates that are bound to proteins.
What are aquaporins?
A specific channel protein meant for water.
True or false: water needs an aquaporin to cross the cell membrane
false
What is the endosymbiotic theory?
the leading evolutionary theory of the origin of eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic organisms
If you have a singular cuboidal cell with a side of 3, what would its SA/V ratio be?
V=S^3 = 3^3 = 27
SA/V= 54/27 = 2
What is the difference between integral and peripheral proteins?
What is the difference between a channel protein and a carrier protein?
Channel proteins - small ions. Carrier proteins - larger polar molecules
What is the difference between a hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic cells in solution?
Hypertonic - cell shrivels because water is leaving the cell
Hypotonic - cell swells and lyses because water is entering the cell
Isotonic - cell stays the same because the water [] is the same inside and out of the cell
Cellulose and starch are both made out of glucose. Describe how their structures differ and how that gives them different functions.
Cellulose - linear arrangement. starch - branched. structural support for cell vs energy
Cell 1 has a radius of 2, cell 2 has a radius of 4. Which one will have the larger SA:V?
Cell 1
Draw and label a phospholipid. Add which part is hydrophobic, hydrophilic, polar, and non-polar
phosphate containing head is polar and hydrophilic, hydrocarbon tails are non polar and hydrophobic
Describe an example of a molecule crossing the membrane through diffusion vs facilitated diffusion vs active transport
oxygen crossing between phospholipids; water crossing through an aquaporin in the direction of concentration gradient; hydrogen ions being pumped out of the cell against the concentration gradient using ATP
Why would the ionization constant for sucrose be 1 and the ionization constant for NaCl is 2?
Sucrose doesn't split apart into different ions. Salt splits into Na+ and Cl-.
Describe the stages of a protein from where it is created to when it is released from the cell.
Ribosomes on Rough ER then Golgi for packaging then secretory vesicle to leave and then through the plasma membrane
larger, exchange with the outside world
Describe two characteristics of the cell membrane that can affect its fluidity
more saturated fats = less fluid. Cholesterol makes fluidity less extreme
Explain how the sodium-potassium molecular pump works and draw an illustration.
3 Na+ get pumped out of the cell, 2 K+ get pumped into the cell, extracellular fluid is more positive, inside the cell is more negative
The concentration of an NaCl solution is 0.6 M. This solution is in a beaker sitting on your desk in the open air. Calculate the solute potential at 25 degrees Celsius. Find your answer in bars.
psi s = -(2)(0.6)(0.0831)(298) = -29.72 bars