words #1
influx
arrival/entry of a large amount
adaptive radiation
single species rapidly evolvues many new ones to use different resources ajd lower competion (ex. galapagos)
allopatric speciation vs sympatric speciation
new species formed from geographic separation
vs
new species formed in the same geographical area; relies on factors other than geography to create reproductive isolation
ecological disturbances (types, examples, and migration)
Periodic: regular
Episodic: occasional
Random: no reg. frequency
Tornadoes, droughts, hurricanes, etc
Earth's tilt and orbit
migration: he movement from one place to another to live or settle
Island Biogeography and Colonization
Island Size: Larger islands hold more species because they offer more resources and diverse habitats, which lowers extinction rates.
Distance from the Mainland: Islands closer to a source population receive more colonizing species because they are easier to reach
adverse
unfavorable, harmful
suite
group of connected items
adaptation, micro/marco evolution, natural selection
inherited trait or feature
large-scale evolutionary changes over a long time; often results in new species
change in gene frequencies within a population over short time scales, typically below the species level
natural selection: the evolutionary process where organisms with helpful inherited traits survive and reproduce more successfully than others, passing those traits to their offspring
ecosystem services
• Provisioning Services: Tangible goods and products obtained from nature, such as food, fresh water, timber, and medicinal plants.
• Regulating Services: Benefits derived from natural processes that moderate the environment, such as climate regulation, flood control, carbon sequestration, and pollination.
• Cultural Services: Non-material, spiritual, recreational, or aesthetic benefits that enrich human culture, mental health, and recreation.
• Supporting Services: Fundamental natural processes—like soil formation, photosynthesis, and nutrient cycling—that make all other services possible
HIPPCO
habitat loss
invasive species
polution
plant and animal trade
climate change
overharvesting
extrapolate
to infer what you don't know based on trends that you do know
permafrost
Permafrost is defined as any ground—including soil, rock, or sediment—that remains completely frozen at or below 0°C (32°F) for at least two consecutive years.
species evenness vs species richness
relative abundance (numerical equalness) of each species within the community
vs
total number of different species present in an area
genotype, phenotype, allele, and trait
• Genotype: The specific combination of alleles or genetic code an organism carries for a particular gene (e.g., Bb or BB).
• Phenotype: The observable physical characteristics or traits displayed by an organism, which are determined by its genotype and environmental factors (e.g., brown eyes).
• Allele: A specific variant or alternative form of a gene inherited from a parent (e.g., the B allele for brown eyes vs. the b allele for blue eyes).
• Trait: A general category of a physical or physiological feature shown in an organism (e.g., eye color or height).
Primary & secondary succession, keystone and indicator species.
Primary Succession begins on completely barren, lifeless surfaces where no soil exists (such as bare rock from retreating glaciers or cooled volcanic lava). It is very slow—taking decades to millennia—because hardy pioneer species (like lichens and mosses) must first break down rock into basic organic matter and soil. [1, 2]
Secondary Succession occurs in an area where an existing community was disturbed or cleared (such as by a wildfire or flood), but the soil remains intact. It progresses much faster (years to decades) because surviving seeds, roots, and microorganisms jump-start regrowth
conspicuous
stands out / attracts attention
phylogeny
evolutionary relationships among organisms
niche generalist vs. niche specialist
a species with a broad niche that can utilize a wide range of habitats, resources, and conditions
Acidity and the Impacts in Marine Biology
- carbon with h20 = carbonic acid
- bicarbonate and h+
-h+ causes more acidity
- coral bleeching (skelon, polypus, prone to desise and predetors)
late successional and climax community
A late successional community represents the advanced, mature stage of ecological succession where long-lived, shade-tolerant species dominate, while a climax community is the traditional concept of a permanent, stable end-stage in equilibrium with regional climate
novel (adj)
new, original, different
depress
reduce the level
fundamental niche vs. realized niche
requirements needed by a species to survive and reproduce under ideal conditions; theoretical
vs
practical, observed environment where a species lives; narrower than fundamental niche
ecological tolerance
range of tolerance: the set of minimum and maximum environmental limits—such as temperature, pH, or salinity—that an organism or population can endure before suffering injury, stress, or death
Zone of Physiological Stress: The range where conditions are sub-optimal but still survivable; the organism stays alive, but experiences reduced health, growth, or reproductive success.
Founder effect, bottleneck effect, and genetic drift
reduction in genetic diversity resulting from a small initial population size
and reduction in genetic diversity resulting from a dramatic reduction in population size
change in frequency of gene variants (alleles) in a population over time due to random chance events