Atoms
This subatomic particle determines the element’s identity.
Proton
A bond formed when electrons are shared between atoms.
covalent bond
Water molecules stick to each other because of this property.
cohesion
The monomer of carbohydrates.
monosaccharide (simple sugar)
Fats and oils are made from these two building blocks (monomers of lipids).
glycerol and fatty acids
The monomers of proteins.
amino acids
The monomers of nucleic acids.
nucleotides
A substance with a pH less than 7 is considered _______________.
acidic
The small, dense center of an atom.
nucleus
A bond formed when electrons are transferred from one atom to another.
ionic bond
Water sticking to other surfaces (like glass).
adhesion
The ratio of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in most carbohydrates.
1:2:1
Lipids are used by living things mainly for this purpose.
long-term energy storage and insulation
The bond that connects amino acids.
peptide bond
This molecule stores genetic information.
DNA
A substance with a high pH is known as ____________.
basic or alkaline
The particle that determines bonding behavior.
electron
This type of bond holds the atoms together inside a single water molecule (H₂O).
covalent bond
This property allows water to move up a plant stem.
capillary action
The main function of carbohydrates in living things.
providing quick energy
In the lab, how were lipids identified?
They left a translucent spot on the paper
When an enzyme loses its shape due to temperature or pH, it is said to be this.
denatured
This molecule carries the code to make proteins.
RNA
In our lab, we mixed a solute and solvent to form this. (example: Salt + Water = ____)
solution
The outermost electrons that participate in bonding.
When one atom attracts electrons more strongly than another, it’s described as this.
polar
Water can absorb lots of heat before changing temperature.
high specific heat
Three TYPES of foods that are examples of carbohydrates you might eat that give quick energy.
bread, pasta, fruits, and sugary foods
Lipids contain more than TWICE of this per gram than any other macromolecule.
energy (calories)
In the catalase lab, the bubbles formed because this gas was released.
oxygen
DNA and RNA differ in both their sugar and this structural feature.
double-stranded (DNA) vs single-stranded (RNA)
Substances with a higher concentration of H⁺ ions than OH⁻ ions are called this.
acids or acidic
How many electrons can fit in the following when they are completely full:
a) 1st energy level (closest to nucleus)
b0 2nd energy level (next one out)
a) 2
b) 8
When sodium and chlorine bond to form NaCl, sodium gives one electron to chlorine.
➡️ What does each atom become after the transfer, and why do they stay together?
Sodium becomes a positive ion, CATION (Na⁺) and chlorine becomes a negative ion, ANION (Cl⁻). Opposites attract.
Explain why water is often called the “universal solvent.” Give one real-life example of this property from class or lab.
can dissolve many substances; example: dissolving salt or sugar in water.
The shape of most simple sugar molecules.
ring shape
Cell membranes are made mostly of these special lipids.
phospholipids
Each amino acid has the same basic parts. Name four of the five parts found in every amino acid’s structure.
amino group (–NH₂)
carboxyl group (–COOH)
hydrogen atom (H)
central carbon (C)
variable R group
The three parts of a nucleotide.
a sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogen base
Explain how adding acid (low pH) or base (high pH) can change enzyme activity.
Alters enzyme shape (denatures it), which would slow or stop function.