Homeostasis 1
Chemo, thermos, mechano, photo, noci are all examples of what type of receptor and what do they detect
sensory receptors and they detect stimuli
Effectors are either __________ or ___________
muscles or glands
True or False
Infectious diseases are caused by pathogens
Lymphocytes (B-cells and T-cells) are part of which immune response
Adaptive Immune Response
What is metabolism?
Metabolism describes all of the chemical reactions involved in sustaining life and is either catabolic or anabolic
The ability to maintain a relatively stable internal state that persists despite changes in the world outside is known as
homeostasis
Contrast upregulation and downregulation
Upregulation is process by which a cell increases the activity of a homone by increase cell surface receptors, in response to a signal. Downregulation is where a cell decreases activity of a homone by decreasing cell surface receptors, in response to a signal.
What is meant by the term 'virulence'.
Virulence refers to the ability of a microorganism, such as a virus, bacterium, or fungus, to cause disease.
Identify 1 similarity and 1 difference between infectious/non-infectious disease.
Both can impact person's health.
Infectious caused by pathogen and is transmissible, non-infectious caused by environment/lifestyle/genetics and not transmissible.
What do guard cells do?
Control the opening and closing of stomata
What are the two types of communication pathways involved in homeostasis?
hormonal or nervous
In an action potential what causes depolarization?
Sodium ions rushing into the membrane
How does good personal hygiene (washing hands) help prevent the spread of disease?
By washing your hands it helps stop direct and indirect contact of the pathogen. The soap and water help remove the pathogen from your hands therefore by washing them frequently you are less likely to leave that pathogen on surfaces or transfer it a person if you touch them
List the 3 barriers involved in the first line of defence.
skin, saliva, mucous membranes, tears, stomach acid
What is the difference between a xerophyte and a hydrophyte?
A xerophyte requires an environment with very little water whereas a hydrophyte only lives in water
Explain synaptic transmission
(include: synaptic cleft, vesicles, neurotransmitters, presynaptic neuron, postsynaptic neuron, receptors, signal transduction)
Synaptic transmission is the process by which one neuron communicates with another. Once an action potential reaches the end of the neuron it needs to be transferred to another neuron. It must cross over the synaptic cleft between the presynaptic neuron and post-synaptic neuron. At the end of the neuron are vesicles, which contain neurotransmitters. When the action potential reaches these vesicles, they release their contents and the neurotransmitters carry the signal across the synaptic cleft. They bind to receptor sites on the post-synaptic neuron, thereby completing the process of synaptic transmission
The threshold of a neuron is -55mV. If the membrane reaches -58mV an action potential will occur?
False
List the 6 types of pathogens
bacteria
virus
fungi
prions
protists
parasites
Identify at least 4 modes of disease transmission.
Airborne, droplet spread, bodily fluids, food, water
Explain the function of myelin and how this effects action potentials
Myelin is a fatty substance that surrounds and insulates the axons of nerve cells (neurons) in the nervous system. Its primary function is to increase the speed at which electrical impulses, or action potentials, travel along the axon.
Draw a feedback loop to show what happens when your body drops below the optimum temperature
Include:
Stimulus: cold weather causing body temp to drop
Receptor: thermoreceptors in skin and brain
Control Center: hypothalamus
Effectors: vasodilation, shivering, goosebumps
What are the 3 main structural features plants have to maintain water balance?
stomata, cuticle, central vacuoles
What is the role of B and T cells in the adaptive immune response.
B Cells primarily produce antibodies and provide long-term immunity through memory B cells.
T Cells include helper T cells, which regulate the immune response, and cytotoxic (killer) T cells, which kill infected or abnormal cells. Memory T cells also provide long-term immunity.
Describe the inflammatory response
INCLUDE: vasodilation, phagocytes
The inflammatory response (inflammation) occurs when tissues are injured. The damaged cells release chemicals including histamine. This chemical causes vasodilation. This helps isolate the foreign substance from further contact with body tissues.
The chemical also attract phagocytes that "eat" pathogens and dead or damaged cells. Phagocytes eventually die. Pus is formed from a collection of dead tissue, dead bacteria, and live and dead phagocytes.
Explain what is meant by the term 'zone of inhibition'.
refers to the clear area surrounding an antimicrobial agent on an agar plate where bacterial growth is prevented. This term is commonly used in microbiology to describe the effectiveness of antibiotics or other antimicrobial substances against bacteria in a laboratory setting.