Anatomy & Physiology
What are the three layers of the heart wall?
What are the endocardium, myocardium, and epicardium?
What is the most reliable symptom of cardiac arrest in an adult?
What is absence of the carotid pulse?
Which heart sound is commonly associated with pericarditis?
What is a friction rub?
Which side of heart failure presents with crackles and pulmonary congestion?
What is left-sided heart failure?
What medication is a positive inotrope that increases contractility and requires apical pulse monitoring?
What is digoxin?
What is the name of the valve between the left atrium and left ventricle?
What is the mitral valve?
Which noninvasive test is used to measure ejection fraction?
What is an echocardiogram?
Which population is at high risk for rheumatic endocarditis?
What are school-aged children post-strep throat?
What is the goal of diuretic therapy in heart failure?
What is to reduce fluid volume overload?
What class of medication decreases mortality in systolic heart failure and may cause a dry cough?
What are ACE inhibitors?
What occurs during ventricular systole?
What is contraction of the ventricles and ejection of blood?
What does an S3 heart sound most commonly indicate?
What is heart failure?
What is a primary complication of mitral stenosis?
What is atrial fibrillation?
What sign would indicate early pulmonary edema?
What is restlessness or anxiety?
Which drug is used for African-American patients with HF and consists of hydralazine and isosorbide dinitrate?
What is BiDil? (isosorbide dinitrate and hydralazine hydrochloride)
What does preload refer to in cardiac physiology?
What is the degree of myocardial stretch at the end of diastole?
What test evaluates the heart during exertion using treadmill protocols?
What is an exercise stress test?
What should be avoided by patients with mitral valve prolapse?
What are alcohol and tobacco products?
Which interventions help conserve energy in patients with HF?
What are activity pacing, rest periods, and head-of-bed elevation?
What diuretic acts on the loop of Henle and is commonly used for rapid fluid removal?
What is furosemide (Lasix)?
Which phase of the cardiac action potential corresponds with sodium influx?
What is depolarization?
What are common symptoms associated with decreased cardiac output?
What are dizziness, fatigue, syncope, and confusion?
What is the expected finding in a patient with infective endocarditis?
What are Osler nodes, Janeway lesions, or splinter hemorrhages?
What is the most reliable indicator of worsening heart failure at home?
What is a weight gain of more than 2 lbs/day or 5 lbs/week?
What drug is used in acute decompensated HF, is given IV, and has both diuretic and vasodilatory effects?
What is nesiritide (Natrecor)?