Macromolecules
What type of molecule contains carbon bonded to hydrogen?
Organic molecule
What determines a protein’s shape and function?
Its sequence of amino acids
Which base pairs with adenine in DNA?
Thymine
What is the main structure of the cell membrane called?
phospholipid bilayer
What is cell specialization?
Cells develop to perform specific functions
What is the monomer of proteins?
Amino acid
What type of protein speeds up chemical reactions?
Enzyme
What are the four bases in RNA?
Adenine, uracil, cytosine, guanine
What does “semi-permeable” mean?
Allows some substances to pass but not others
What are unspecialized cells that can become other cell types called?
Stem cells
Which macromolecule provides quick energy for cells?
carbohydrates
What happens to an enzyme when it loses its shape?
It becomes denatured and stops working
What are the three parts of a nucleotide?
*DAILY DOUBLE*
Sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base
What type of transport moves molecules without energy?
What controls which proteins a cell makes?
What reaction links monomers together to form polymers?
Dehydration synthesis
Name two factors that can affect enzyme activity.
Temperature and pH
What is the main function of DNA?
Store genetic instructions for building proteins
What happens to a cell in a hypertonic solution?
It shrinks
List the five levels of biological organization from smallest to largest.
Cell → Tissue → Organ → Organ System → Organism
Which macromolecule stores and transmits genetic information?
nucleic acids
What is the enzyme’s active site?
The place where the substrate binds
What are the two steps of gene expression?
Transcription & translation
What process uses vesicles to move materials into the cell?
endocytosis
Name the four main types of animal tissue
Examples: Muscle – contracts for movement; Epithelial – covers and protects surfaces; Nervous – transmits signals; Connective – supports and connects tissues