Article Analysis Questions
Cognition
Memory
Creativity and Intelligence
Sensation
100
What are the research designs that we have learned about in class.
100
What is a prototype?
A prototype is the best or most typical example of a concept. For instance, when you think of the word "bird," you might picture a robin, which is a common prototype of a bird.
100
What is encoding?
Encoding: Taking in new information through our senses.
100
Define the following:
Creativity and Functional Fixedness.
involves generating new ideas and solutions. It often includes divergent thinking, which means thinking in many directions to find multiple solutions to a problem.
Functional Fixedness, where we struggle to see objects or ideas in new ways.
100
What is bottom up processing?
use individual parts to form the whole
Learning to read
200
Define the term "Operational Definition"
Something that is measurable. This ensures a study can be replicated.
200
What is an accommodation?
Accommodation: This occurs when we modify our schemas to include new information. If you encounter a cat and realize it doesn’t fit your dog schema, you create a new schema for cats.
200
What is storage ?
Storage: Temporarily holding and organizing this information for immediate use.
200
What is a stereotype threat?
A "stereotype threat" is the anxiety or fear a person experiences when they are in a situation where they might confirm a negative stereotype about the group they belong to, which can negatively impact their performance in that situation
200
What is top down processing?
use the whole (context, experience, & expectations) to fill in the elements
How do we know top-down processing exists?
H _ _ L _W _ _ N
300
Describe the meaning of the following:
Mean: Median: Mode: Standard Deviation:
Correlation:
300
What is priming?
Priming is a psychological phenomenon that occurs when exposure to a stimulus influences how someone responds to a subsequent stimulus, without the person being aware of the connection.
300
What is retrieval?
Retrieval: Accessing the information quickly when needed for tasks.
300
What is an achievement test?
A test that measures what a person has learned and already knows.
300
What is absolute threshold?
The absolute threshold is the minimum level of stimulation that a person can detect at least 50% of the time. It's like the smallest amount of a sensation (like sound, light, taste, etc.) needed for someone to be able to sense it.
400
State three ethical guidelines
1. Psychologists must consider both the risks and benefits of research involving human subjects before undertaking such research. In order to justify the research, the benefits to human welfare and psychological science must outweigh the risks to the subjects involved. The psychologist must consider alternative ways to conduct the research which might minimize risks to the subjects.
2. Psychologists must show respect and concern for the welfare and dignity of human subjects participating in research.
3. Psychologists must be aware of and adhere to federal and state regulations and professional standards which apply to research with human participants.
4. If research assistants are used to help with the research, the psychologist in charge still has responsibility for ensuring that they comply with ethical guidelines and state and federal regulations.
5. Psychologists inform subjects of the purpose of the experiment and the risks involved in their participation prior to beginning the research. That is, psychologists obtain informed consent from human subjects.
6. If it is necessary to deceive subjects as to the purpose of an experiment, psychologists must ensure that the benefits of the deception outweigh the risks, that they have carefully considered alternative strategies, and that subjects will be informed of the true purpose of the experiment as soon as possible after completion of the study.
7. Psychologists respect the rights of human subjects to withdraw from participating in an experiment at any time.
8. Psychologists protect humans participating in research from mental and physical harm which may arise from their participation in the experiment.
400
What is a perceptual set ?
Perceptual set is a cognitive bias that causes people to notice certain aspects of a situation or object while ignoring others. It's a result of expectations and past experiences that influence how people interpret things.
400
What is retroactive and proactive interference?
Retro:After learning a new phone number, you might forget your old phone number because the new information (the new number) has interfered with your ability to remember the old one.
Pro: If you move to a new address, you might have trouble remembering your new address because your old address keeps coming to mind, making it hard to recall the new one.
400
What is an Aptitude Test.
A test that measures how well somebody will pick up information in the future.
400
What is learned helplessness?
a psychological state where someone feels unable to control or change a situation, even when they have the ability to do so, often resulting from repeated exposure to uncontrollable stressful events, leading to a lack of motivation to try and escape or improve the situation
500
What is generalizability ?
The ability for the study be applied to a wider population
500
What is a mental set?
Mental Set: This refers to our tendency to approach problems in a certain way based on past successes. For example, if a particular strategy worked well before, we might use it again, even if it’s not the best approach.
500
What is repression?
According to psychodynamic theories, sometimes memories are forgotten on purpose as a way to protect the mind from distress. This process is called repression, where painful or traumatic memories are pushed out of conscious awareness to defend the ego from emotional harm.
500
What is effortful processing?
Effortful processing, in psychology, refers to the act of actively processing information that requires conscious attention and deliberate effort, as opposed to automatic processing which happens without conscious awareness; essentially, it means actively working to encode information into memory by focusing on it and applying mental energy to understand it.
500
What is cognitive dissonance?
Cognitive dissonance is a psychological phenomenon where a person experiences discomfort or mental tension when their beliefs, attitudes, or behaviors contradict each other, essentially meaning their actions don't align with what they believe to be true, causing a feeling of unease or inconsistency within themselves; it often leads individuals to rationalize their actions to reduce this discomfort.