Lesson 12
To reduce conflict, the U.S. government confined western native tribes to these areas.
What are reservations?
This steel production method, involving blowing air through molten iron, revolutionized construction and was named after its British inventor.
What is the Bessemer process?
This violent 1877 event, sparked by wage cuts from the B&O Railroad during a national depression, became the first major nationwide labor strike in U.S. history and led President Rutherford B. Hayes to send in federal troops to restore order.
What is Railroad strike of 1877?
The work itself was repetitive for the working class and boring because, unlike farming or craft work in which a worker did a variety of tasks, the factory system relied on what.
What is division labor?
This process, which began in the 18th century, transformed societies from agrarian economies to ones dominated by machine manufacturing, leading to urbanization, new technologies, and major shifts in labor and social structures.
What is Industrialization?
In the West from 1850-70, miners sought this precious metal, while cattle ranchers valued this natural resource.
What are gold and grass?
John D. Rockefeller’s Standard Oil used this strategy, buying competitors to control 90% of oil refining, creating a monopoly.
What is horizontal integration?
The 1892 strike at Andrew Carnegie’s steel plant turned deadly when armed Pinkerton agents clashed with union workers, leading the Pennsylvania governor to call in the state militia.
What is the Homestead Strike?
This New York Harbor facility, open from 1892 to 1954, processed millions of European immigrants and included medical and legal inspections before entry into the United States.
What is Ellis Island?
In the 1900s, Americans contributed to environmental damage through these practices, including mining for minerals, drilling for oil, and releasing pollution into the air from factory smoke.
What are ways Americans harmed the environment during the 1900s?
Settlers under the Homestead Act faced these challenges; African Americans also faced this social issue.
What are treeless plains, drought, and racism?
This term describes the late 1800s era marked by industrialists’ lavish lifestyles and societal corruption, coined by Mark Twain.
What is the Gilded Age?
Despite weak laws and poor enforcement, this vulnerable group worked long hours in dangerous conditions—often repairing machinery or hauling coal—because their low wages helped support their struggling families.
What is child laborers?
The early years of the Industrial Revolution saw a push within the working class to develop their own strategies for improving their lives. To do this, workers formed what type of Unions?
This trend led to rapid city expansion, created new job opportunities, and drew large numbers of immigrants to urban areas in the United States.
What is urbanization?
Challenges in building the transcontinental railroad included funding and labor shortages, where addressed by this.
What are the Pacific Railway Act and immigrant workers?
Henry Flagler and Henry Plant expanded this infrastructure in Florida, enabling tourism and trade by connecting cities like Miami and Tampa.
What are railroads?
These contracts, used by employers in the late 1800s, required workers to promise not to join a labor union as a condition of employment.
What is "Yellow-Dog Contracts?"
Although the Railroad Strike of 1877 helped to boost union membership, it also prompted the federal government to side with who?
What is business owners?
Federal Law that limited patronage by creating a civil service commission to administer certain government jobs
What was the Pendleton Act?
The Greenback Party aimed to raise crop prices and reduce farmers' debts by issuing currency backed by these two metals.
What are gold and silver?
Cuban immigrant Vicente Ybor established this industry in Tampa, attracting thousands of workers from Italy, Spain, and Cuba.
What is the cigar industry (or Ybor City’s cigar factories)?
Violence during strikes and events like the Haymarket Affair caused many Americans to view union members this way, which weakened the labor movement.
What is dangerous radicals?
This term describes the policy favoring native-born Americans over immigrants, which led to groups like the Know-Nothings and the Immigration Restriction League.
What is Nativism?
Political machines- an organization consisting of full-time politicians who wanted to retain political power, patronage- granting jobs to friends and supporters
What is political machines?