Enlightenment
A period of time in Western Europe when philosophers and writers applied the scientific idea of reason to answer political questions
The Enlightenment
a political revolution during which the lower and middle class in France, frustrated over social, economic, and political problems in the country and inspired by Enlightenment ideas overthrew King Louis XVI and tried to institute a more democratic government
French Revolution
Strong feelings of support for one's nation
Nationalism
(1807-1882) a general and Italian nationalist who was a leader of the Italian unification movement
“The Sword”
Giuseppe Garibaldi
(1753-1811) a Mexican Roman Catholic priest who was a leader of the Mexican War of Independence
Father Hidalgo
The belief that an absolute monarch's authority to rule came directly from God
Divine Right
(Sept 5, 1793- July 28, 1794) a period of intense violence in the French Revolution led by Maximilien Robespierre and the Committee of Public Safety
Reign of Terror
(1815) meeting of representatives from powerful states in Europe to redraw the map of Europe to restore it to pre-Napoleon conditions and to establish a balance of power that will prevent future wars
Congress of Vienna
(1810-1861) a politician and Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia in Northern Italy and later Prime Minister of Italy who was a leader of the Italian unification movement
The Brain
Camillo di Cavour
(1791-1804) a successful slave revolt and revolution that led to Haiti’s independence from France
Haitian Revolution
French Enlightenment thinker who wrote about the social contract
Jean Jacques Rousseau
(1769-1821) military leader and later emperor of France who brought order and stability towards the end of the Revolution. He attempted to conquer all of Europe, but failed and was eventually exiled to a remote island for the rest of his life
Napoleon Bonaparte
Policy for unifying Germany through war
Blood and Iron
(1805-1872) a politician, journalist and Italian nationalist who was a leader of the Italian unification movement
The Soul
Giuseppe Mazzini
(1743-1803) an ex-slave and leader of the Haitian Revolution
Toussaint L’Ouverture
Enlightenment thinker who wrote Two Treatises of Government and believed that the role of government is to protect people's natural rights (life, liberty, and property),
John Locke
(1758-1794) leader of the Committee of Public Safety and the Reign of Terror during the French Revolution who was executed
Maximilien Robespierre
a political philosophy that states that the circumstances of a situation and outcomes of one’s actions are more important than ideas and morals
Realpolitik
(1820-1878) King of Sardinia, a state in Northern Italy and later King of Italy who was a the first king of a united Italy
Victor Emmanuel II
(1783-1830) Born in Venezuela leader of Latin American Independence movements in South America
Simón Bolívar
Believed that to keep one person or group from gaining too much power a government should be separated into three branches: judicial, legislative, and executive.
Baron de Montesquieu
(1789) document written by the National Assembly which outline the ideals of the French Revolution
Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen
(1815-1898 ) a politician who was Minister President of Prussia and later Imperial Chancellor of the German Empire who was a leader of German unification. He practiced a policies called realpolitik and “Blood and Iron.”
Otto Von Bismarck
a union or association formed for mutual benefit (protection or trade), especially between countries or organizations.
Alliance
(1778-1850) an Argentine general and leader of South America’s independence movement from Spain
José de San Martín