The Human Lifespan
What stage of the lifespan occurs before birth and includes embryonic and foetal development?
The prenatal stage
What is a relationship?
A connection between two or more people
What are the stages of pregancy?
Fertilisation, germinal, embryonic, and foetal
Explain the role of a general practitioner (GP)
Usually the first point of call when a person is injured or unwell. They can diagnose and treat conditions, as well as prescribe medications and make referrals to specialists
List 3 factors affecting access to healthcare
Cost
Confidentiality
Cultural factors
Geographical location
Schedule/time constraints
Complicated system and a lack of health literacy
What is health literacy?
The ability to find, read, understand and use healthcare information in order to make appropriate health decisions
What are the four areas of development?
Physical, intellectual, emotional, social
Think PIES
List 4 of the 7 key characteristics of healthy and respectful relationships
Respect
Safety
Trust
Honesty
Loyalty
Empathy
Equality
Provide 2 examples of considerations associated with becoming a parent
Do they have financial stability
Can they meet the changes in responsibility
Can they provide an environment that promotes optimal development
Can they cope with additional stressors
Do they have a good support network of family and friends
What is allied health? Provide 3 examples
Health professionals that are outside the medical, dental and nursing professions.
Examples include: podiatry, nutritionists, physiotherapy, chiropractic, and optometry
Provide 3 examples of digital media
Websites
Mobile phone apps
Social media
Podcasts
Games
E-books
List 3 of the community services supporting youth health and wellbeing
Doctors, dentists, and hospitals
Sports or recreational clubs
Headspace
Places of worship
Volunteer organisations (Eg. St John's Ambulance)
Secondary School Immunisation Program
What are the eight stages of the human lifespan, starting with 'prenatal'
Prenatal, infancy, early childhood, late childhood, youth, early adulthood, middle adulthood, late adulthood
List each of the 6 types of relationships
Family
Intimate
Professional
Teacher/coach/mentor
Online
Friendship
Explain the germinal stage, from fertilisation to implantation
Sperm penetrates ovum
Cell division occurs as the zygote moves through the fallopian tube
The zygote arrives at the uterus it implants itself in the endometrium and the placenta begins to form
What is not covered by Medicare? Provide 3 examples
Ambulance services
Alternative health services (for example acupuncture)
Cosmetic surgery
Dental services for people over 18
What is one positive and one negative of digital media for health and wellbeing
Positive: Increases access, available 24/7, access to online support groups, can be accessed in private without risking confidentiality
Negative: Can be misleading or contain misinformation, non-credible sources, risk of cyberchondria, self-medication can be harmful
Explain the PBS Safety Net
The PBS Safety Net ensures people who spend a large amount on medications covered by the PBS receive additional financial support for to cover the cost of medications.
The PBS Safety Net reduces the cost of medications even further than the PBS alone
What is the difference between gross and fine motor skills? Provide an example of both.
Gross motor skills use larger muscle groups. Eg. Walking, running, throwing
Fine motor skills use smaller muscle groups. Eg. writing, using scissors, tying shoelaces
What are the 3 types of abuse in relationships? Provide an example of each
Physical: hitting or kicking
Emotional: Insults, financial abuse, social isolation
Sexual: Unwanted sexual activity or touching
Explain what teratogens are and provide 2 examples
Teratogens are any external environmental factors that can cause defects to an embryo.
Examples include: tobacco smoke, alcohol, medications, drugs, x-rays, some illnesses such as rubella
What is Medicare and how is it funded?
Medicare is Australia's universal healthcare scheme which is free for all Australians, permanent residents, and people from countries with reciprocal agreements
It is funded through:
General taxation
Medicare Levy (an extra 2% tax for people earning over $20,000)
Medicare Levy Surcharge (additional 1-1.5% tax for people without private health insurance earning over approximately $93,000)
What is cyberchondria?
People who research any and all symptoms of a rare disease, illness or condition, and cause themselves a state of medical anxiety
What is the difference between patient rights and patient responsibilities when using the healthcare system?
Right: A moral or legal entitlement to have or do something. For example: confidentiality, safety, access, and to give feedback
Responsibility: Something a patient should do or is in the best interest of the patient. For example ask questions, be honesty, be respectful, and follow medical advice
What is meant by the term 'perceptions'? Provide an example of a negative perception of both youth and adults
Perceptions are beliefs or opinions on how people or things seem.
Youth are perceived to be: lazy, entitled, rude, full of themselves, etc.
Adults are perceived to be: resistant to change, complain a lot, struggle with technology, etc.
Identify and describe the 4 parenting styles
Authoritarian: Strict rules and punishment
Authoritative: Positive reinforcement and flexibility
Permissive: Low discipline and see themselves more as friends
Uninvolved: Show little interest in their child's life
Explain the concept of intergenerational health and wellbeing and provide an example
Intergenerational health and wellbeing is the concept where the health and wellbeing of one generation can impact the next generation
For example: Children of mothers who smoke during pregnancy are more at risk of birth defects, obesity, and poor cardiovascular health later in life
Explain the Medicare Levy Surcharge and why it is an incentive
An additional 1-1.5% tax on the income of people without PHI, & it encourages high income earners to take out PHI, instead of relying on the public system
What is the Health Complaints Commissioner and what is their purpose?
The HCC is an independent fee-free organisation whose role is to receive and resolve complaints about health service providers through and impartial and confidential process.
Their role is to protect the public and support safe ethical healthcare in Victoria
What is the complaints process when a person makes a complaint to the Health Complaints Commissioner?
Complaint is made
It is assessed by the HCC and either dismissed or accepted
If accepted then moves to early resolution, formal resolution, or an investigation. It can be resolved at any of these steps.