Innovation
Who improved the steam engine and helped power factories and trains?
James Watt
What was the movement of people from farms to cities called?
Urbanization
What is the economic system based on private ownership and free markets?
Capitalism
What was the goal of the suffrage movement?
Voting rights for women
During the Meiji Restoration, which country rapidly industrialized?
Japan
What machine spun multiple threads of cotton at once, helping textile factories grow?
Spinning Jenny
The Enclosure Acts caused many farmers to do what?
Move to cities to find factory work
Who wrote The Wealth of Nations and supported capitalism?
Adam Smith
What law limited working hours for women and children to 10 hours per day?
Ten Hours Act (1847)
Why did Japan industrialize quickly?
To resist Western control and strengthen the nation.
What country did the Industrial Revolution begin in?
Britain (England)
What was one main result of the Agricultural Revolution?
More food and population growth
What idea describes how competition and self-interest guide markets without government control?
The invisible hand
What reform movement tried to improve conditions for factory workers?
Labor Reform Movement
Why was Egypt less successful at industrializing?
Foreign debt and weak government support
What is industrialization?
Industrialization is the process by which economies transform from primarily agrarian and manual labor-based systems to ones dominated by industry
Why did many factories hire women and children?
They could be paid lower wages than men.
In socialism, who controls the major industries?
The government
Who called for workers/the proletariat to seize the means of production?
Marx and Engels
What effect did industrialization have on global trade?
It increased global trade and imperialism
Why was the steam engine so important for industrialization?
It provided cheap, reliable power for factories, trains, and ships.
What problem came from rapid urbanization?
Overcrowded cities and poor sanitation
How does communism differ from capitalism?
No private property; wealth shared equally among people
What did Marx call the working class and upper class?
Proletariat and Bourgeoisie
How did industrialization change people’s daily lives? Think of 2 changes.
People moved to cities, worked longer hours, and faced new social problems.