DNA/mRNA
Where in the cell is DNA stored?
What is the nucleus?
Dominant or recessive versions of genes that are passed on during reproduction.
What are alleles?
The building blocks of proteins.
What are amino acids?
Identify where the following processes take place in the cell:
(1) Transcription
(2) Translation
What are:
(1) The nucleus
(2) The ribosome
This process involved using the mitochondria to create ATP so cells can complete life functions with energy.
What is cellular respiration?
In mRNA thymine (T) is replaced with ______ so that A pairs with ______, T pairs with A, and C and G still pair together.
What is Uracil (U)?
Define the following terms:
Heterozygous
Homozygous
Heterozygous - When someone has two different alleles.
Homozygous - When someone has two of the same alleles.
The ________________ of an enzyme binds to the _______________ in order to complete a chemical reaction.
What are the active site and the substrate?
The ____________ is responsible for reading the ______________ to develop the ___________ __________ chain that will form the primary structure of a protein.
What are: ribosome, mRNA, amino acid?
These molecules are fought off by the immune system and can cause sickness.
What are antigens?
__________________________ results in a copy of genetic material in the nucleus used for reproduction.
__________________________ results in an mRNA strand to be used during protein synthesis.
What is DNA synthesis and transcription?
In humans, brown eyes (B) are dominant to blue eyes (b). A man with brown eyes married a woman with blue eyes and had three children. Two of their sons had brown eyes, but their daughter had blue eyes, What would the genotype of the man have to be?
What is Bb?
These proteins lower the activation energy needed to complete chemical reactions like synthesis, digestion, or transport.
What are enzymes?
If there is a genetic mutation in DNA, explain how it could affect translation.
A genetic mutation could result in the wrong amino acid being created during translation affecting the structure and function of the protein.
This biological process results in offspring with an exact copy of the genetic material they receive from their parents.
What is mitosis?
Identify the types of mutations we've talked about as a class and provide a brief description:
(1)
(2)
(3)
What are:
(1) Substitution - a base pair is changed in the genetic sequence
(2) Insertion - A base pair is added to the genetic sequence causing a frameshift to the right.
(3) Deletion - A base pair is removed from the genetic sequence causing a frameshift to the left.
Cystic fibrosis is a recessive genetic disorder that causes a build up of mucus in the body due to the CFTR protein not working properly. What is the only way this disease could be expressed in offspring?
What is receiving two recessive alleles?
These proteins are made by the immune system and bind to antigens to destroy them in the adaptive immune response.
What are antibodies?
Sometimes, genetic mutations can be silent. What does this mean? (hint: Lactase enzyme lab)
When a mutation is silent, the genetic sequence changes, but the amino acid sequence does not, thereby keeping the protein intact.
This process forms gametes used during sexual reproduction.
What is meiosis?
Explain the role of the following regions in DNA:
(1) Noncoding regions
(2) Coding Regions
(1) Noncoding regions respond to environmental stimuli to switch genes on or off.
(2) Coding regions directly code for the amino acids that build a protein.
The ABO blood groups in humans are expressed as the IA, IB, and i alleles. The IA allele encodes the A blood group antigen, IB encodes B, and i encodes O. Both A and B are dominant to O. If a heterozygous blood type A parent (IAi) and a heterozygous blood type B parent (IBi) mate. How much offspring would be blood type O?
what is 25%?
Genetic mutations, temperature, acidity, and other environmental factors can cause this to occur to enzymes, leaving them unable to bind to their substrate.
What is denature?
Transcribe and translate the following DNA sequence:
TAC GAA TGC CCC GAC GAC TCA CAC GCG GGA TTT
mRNA
AUG CUU ACG GGG CUG AGU GUG CGC CCU AAA
Amino Acid
Met Leu Thr Gly Leu Ser Val Arg Pro Lys
This body system is responsible for acquiring nutrients by breaking things down into needed for our cells to be able to complete life processes.
What is the digestive system?