Definitions
What does "Primary Socialisation" mean?
Socialisation that takes place mainly within the family and from birth to infancy/childhood
Provide two examples of people who could impose formal social control
police, government officials, judges, teachers
Sub-cultures can never be incorporated into the mainstream culture/system
(True or False)
False
Name two agencies of Socialisation
the family, schools/teachers, religious institutions, mass media, peer groups, police, courts
Name two factors that caused globalisation
1. openness in media
2. global sports competitions
3. global trade
4. improved transportation
any other acceptable answers
Define Nature vs. Nurture
The extent to which our personality, attitudes, and behaviours are decided by
Nature: What we have inherited in our genes
Nurture: Our Social Environment
What are rewards and what are sanctions?
Rewards: ways of rewarding acceptable behaviour
Sanctions: ways of punishing unacceptable behaviour
What are sub-cultures?
Sub-cultures are values and norms distinct from those of the majority and are held by a group within a wider society.
Explain the difference between formal and hidden curriculum
Formal: the classes students take. academic knowledge
Hidden: social norms students learn including the values and beliefs of the society
What is Globalisation?
Growing interdependence of the world' economies, cultures, and populations.
The ways countries and people of the world interact and integrate
What does it mean by "Social Identity"?
How we perceive ourselves and how we are perceived by others
Name two examples of informal sanctions
shame, ridicule, sarcasm, criticism, and disapproval
Name two possible ways members of the sub-cultures express their difference in norms and values?
behaviours, clothing, make-up, style of speech, etc
Name three factors that influence our social identity?
Roles, Age, Gender, Ethnicity, Class (any of the three)
What is the difference between assimilation/integration and multiculturalism?
Assimilation/Integration: different cultures adopt the main culture
Multiculturalism: different cultures coexist side by side with the main culture
Feral Children are those who have been inadequately socialised and are unable to fit into society. They were not properly raised by their parents. They were either isolated or were brought up in the wild. Some similarities feral children share include inability to walk and talk properly. They are also not used to eating proper human food.
Why do functionalists argue that social control is a necessary process?
To ensure peace and order. The societies need a set of shared values to hold them together as functioning societies.
Name one possible way sub-cultures practice social control
Kicking out members who don't conform
Shame, Ridicule, Criticism etc
How would a social determinist explain why boys and girls play with different kinds of toys? (provide two explanations)
1. parents buy them gender-specific toys
2. at school they see their same gender friends playing with certain toys
3. teased when playing with toys associated with the opposite gender
any other acceptable answers
Due to improved transportation and modified immigration laws, different cultures and people from different backgrounds live together in today's modern world. In such situations countries focus on developing a sense of national identity. Why is this important and what are possible ways of achieving this?
It is important to develop a sense of national identity in all citizens as to bring them together and create a consensus to reduce conflicts. They want to focus on similarities rather than the differences among the citizens. Examples of achieving this could include national anthems and sports.
Define Values and Norms
Values: standards shared by people in the same culture to determine what is right and wrong
Norms: Kinds of behaviors that the society expect from its members
Why do Marxists view the current process of social control as unfair and brainwashing?
How do Functionalists and Marxists view the formation and membership of different sub-cultures?
Functionalists: view them as necessary, to offer alternative opportunities
Marxists: reacting against a system, visible conflicts within the society
Explain how age is socially constructed (provide two examples)
1. difference in definition of "elderly" depending on the country's life expectancy
2. different roles children used to take during medieval and industrial times compared to today
any other acceptable answers
What is Cultural Relativism?
The idea that a person's beliefs, values, and practices should be understood based on that persons' own culture