DNA
Where in the cell is DNA located?
Nucleus
What is the end result of DNA replication?
2 identical molecules of DNA
DNA -> RNA -> Proteins
What is the name of a mutation where one base is substituted for another?
Point mutation
In what stage of the cell cycle does a cell divide into two cells?
Mitosis (M)
What is the monomer of DNA?
Nucleotide
What molecule "unzips" the DNA molecule?
Helicase
Which processes in the central dogma happen in the nucleus?
What happens to a DNA sequence when a frameshift mutation occurs?
A base is added or deleted, shifting the frame the DNA is read.
If a cell becomes cancerous, what will happen to the amount of time it spends in the cell cycle?
It will spend less time in the cell cycle.
What are the three parts of the monomer of DNA?
Phosphate group, nitrogen base, deoxyribose (pentose) sugar
During what phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication take place?
Synthesis (S)
What are two differences between DNA and RNA?
RNA is single stranded instead of double stranded.
RNA has the base uracil instead of thymine.
RNA has ribose sugar instead of deoxyribose sugar.
What type of gene mutation has a bigger effect on the amino acid sequence? Why?
Frameshift mutations are more harmful. When a base is added or deleted, it shifts the entire DNA sequence so it may affect more than one amino acid.
How are stem cells different from specialized cells?
Stem cells have not differentiated yet, so they have the potential to become any type of specialized cell.
What are the DNA base pairing rules?
A (adenine) pairs with T (thymine), C (cytosine) pairs with G (guanine)
What does it mean for DNA replication to be a semiconservative process?
When DNA is replicated, each new molecule of DNA has one strand from the original molecule and one newly synthesized molecule.
Transcribe this sequence of DNA to mRNA.
CAT - GGA - TTC
GUA - CCU - AAG
A point mutation occurs, but does not cause a change to the amino acid sequence. What is this called?
Silent mutation
A student wants to investigate how temperature affects the efficiency of DNA extraction from strawberries. What is the independent variable?
Temperature
What are genes and how are they related to proteins?
Genes are sections of DNA. Each gene holds the instructions to make a specific protein.
How is DNA replicated? Describe the process.
The enzyme helicase unzips the DNA. DNA polymerase bonds free nucleotides to the original strands. The end result is two identical molecules of DNA.
Translate this sequence of RNA to amino acids.
UGG - ACU - CAG
Trp - Thr - Gln
How can mutations cause cancer?
Heart cells and skin cells have the exact same DNA, yet the cells have different structures and functions. Why is this?
They have the same DNA, but different genes are expressed.