Heart
What is the heartbeat conduction system of the heart, in order.
Sinoatrial node (SA) > Atrioventricular node (AV) > Purkinjie fibers
What three factors affect resistance in blood vessels?
blood viscosity, vessel length, and lumen size
What is the location/function of the cisterna chyli?
receives lipid-rich chyle from GI tract, located at the base (inferior) to thoracic duct
Name two types of immunoglobulins and a fact about each.
IgG - makes antibodies for blood. can cross placenta (cause of hemolytic disease of newborn)
IgM - pentamer structure, agglutination/binding complement
IgA - found in areas exposed to enviro, produced by mucus, saliva, tears, breastmilk. agglutination and preventing pathogens from adhering to epithelium.
IgD - Deals with B-lymphocyte maturation and has receptors
IgE - formed in response to parasite and allergic reactions (causes release of basophils/eosinophils)
Name 3 clinical applications of the heart and their actions.
myocardial infarction, edema, pericarditis, murmur, angina pectoris, atherosclerosis, pacemaker, arrhythmia, brady/tachycardia, tamponade, angioplasty
What are the chief blood resevoirs?
70% in systemic circulation at rest
18% in pulmonary circulation
12% Heart
Where is the site of T-lymphocyte maturation?
The thymus.
Describe the difference between active/passive immunity and the differences between natural/artificial for each.
Active - memory cells created in response to a contact with an antigen.
(natural: pathogen exposure
artificial: vaccine)
Passive - no memory cells; Ab's from other people/animals
(natural: breast milk, placenta
artificial: antibodies serum from others)
What is the equation for cardiac output? Give two factors that affect CO?
CO = HR x SV
+/- chronotropic agents affect heart rate (BPM).
Venous return, +/- inotropic agents, afterload all affect SV (blood pumped with each beat.)
What does the brachial artery split into? What areas do these arteries supply with blood?
Give two examples of lymphatic organs that have a CT capsule.
spleen, lymph nodes.
Name the 4 steps of inflammation
1. Release of inflammatory/chemotoxic factors
2. Vascular changes (vasodilation, increased capillary permeability, and display of CAMs
3. Recruitment of immune cells (margination, diapedesis, chemotaxis)
4. Delivery of plasma proteins (IGs, complement, clotting factors, kinins)
On a EKG/ECG, what does the QRS complex represent?
Ventricular depolarization and atria repolarizing.
P-Q Segment = atria contracting
S-T segment = ventricles contracting
What happens to the foramen ovale, ductus arteriosus become after birth?
fossa ovalis, ligamentum arteriosum
What is MALT and where is it found in the body?
Mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue.
GI (Peyer patches), Urinary, respiratory, and genital tracts.
They help defend against pathogens
Name the three steps of fever and give an explanation of each step. What are some benefits of fever?
onset - temp rises , vasoconstriction, shivering
Stadium - maintained elevated temp, metabolic rate increases
Defervescence - temp returns to normal, heat release via sweating/vasodilatation
inhibits pathogen growth, promote IF activity, accelerated tissue repair, increased CAMs, enhanced immune system
right atrium > tricuspid valve > right ventricle > pulmonary semilunar valve > pulmonary arteries > lungs > pulmonary vein > left atrium > bicuspid valve (or mitral/left AV) > left ventricle > aortic semilunar valve > aorta > tissues
Describe the hepatic portal system
Blood from digestive organs(spleen, stomach, pancreas, gall bladder) via splenic and inferior/superior mesenteric veins> liver> hepatic veins > inferior vena cava
What is the flow of lymph after leaving blood/interstitial space? How is lymph moved through the body?
blood > interstitial space > lymph capillaries > lymph vessels > lymph nodes > lymph trunks > lymph ducts >superior vena cava > heart/blood
Via skeletal muscle/respiratory pumps (like veins), smooth muscle contraction, blood movement pulses
What is the complement system? What effects does it have in response to a pathogen? What is the classical pathway?
Group of plasma proteins that work with complement antibodies to rid of a pathogen. Classical pathway - Ab attaches to foreign substance then the complement binds to aB
effects:
Inflammation, opsonization, cytolysis, and elimination of immune complexes