Cognitive Development: Infancy
Which of the following refers to the tendency to perceive objects as the same even though the sensations produced by them may differ?
a) Object permanence
b) Primary circular reactions
c) Perceptual constancy
d) A not B error
c) Perceptual constancy
When classifying infant attachment, researchers are most concerned with
a) The pattern of infant behavior across the course of separation from, and reunions with, the caregiver
b) The amount of time the infant spends crying
c) How the caregiver responds to the infant
d) The amount of comfort the caregiver gives the infant
a) The pattern of infant behavior across the course of separation from, and reunions with, the caregiver
Which of the following is NOT a primary emotion?
a) Fear
b) Sadness
c) Jealousy
d) Surprise
c) Jealousy
_______________ vocabulary refers to the understanding of words and _______________ vocabulary refers to the correct use of words.
a) Expressive; referential
b) Referential; expressive
c) Expressive; receptive
d) Receptive; expressive
d) Receptive; expressive
Which part of the neuron receives signals from other neurons?
a) Axon
b) Dendrite
c) Synapse
d) Myelin sheath
b) Dendrite
What are the Bayley Scales of Infant Development the most useful for?
a) Predicting intelligence scores up to 5 years later
b) Estimating school readiness skills
c) Assessing verbal comprehension abilities
d) Identifying lags in development and failure to meet milestones
d) Identifying lags in development and failure to meet milestones
__________ theorized that attachment is learned through conditioning, and that (when secure) infants associate caregivers with positive reinforcement.
a) Bowlby
b) Watson
c) Erikson
d) Sroufe
b) Watson
Nathan has irregular sleep and feeding schedules and responds to new situations by throwing tantrums and crying. Which temperament classification best describes Nathan?
a) Easy
b) Medium
c) Difficult
d) Slow-to-warm
c) Difficult
Cathy calls her family golden retriever “dog” but does not call any other dogs “dog.” This is a common language mistake known as
a) Underextension
b) Overextension
c) Underutilization
d) Overutilization
a) Underextension
The concept of a reaction range suggests that
a) Environment provides the limits and biology determines ability level
b) Biology provides the limits and environment determines ability level
c) Biology alone determines ability level
d) Environment alone determines ability level
b) Biology provides the limits and environment determines ability level
Judy loves playing with her toy cars at home. She likes to roll them back and forth across the floor and line them up like they are in a parking lot. At day care, she finds a fire truck. Using the floor, which looks like her floor at home, she parks the fire truck in a pretend parking lot. This is an example of what Piaget called
a) Assimilation
b) Accommodation
c) Coordination of secondary schemes
d) Invention of New Means Through Mental Combinations
a) Assimilation
__________ theorized that attachment is evolutionarily adaptive as survival depended on close relationships with protective adults.
a) Bowlby
b) Watson
c) Erikson
d) Sroufe
a) Bowlby
Self-conscious emotions like embarrassment, empathy, pride, and shame require
a) Self-concept
b) Self-confidence
c) Secure attachment
d) Established temperament
a) Self-concept
Which of the following is NOT a benefit of signing during infancy?
a) It provides an opportunity for scaffolding
b) It is associated with increased intelligence scores
c) It increases opportunities for caregiver reinforcement
d) It increases infants’ range of topic selection
b) It is associated with increased intelligence scores
Which of the following is NOT a benefit of breast milk over formula?
a) Breast milk helps with the child’s digestion
b) Breast feeding reduces the mother’s risk for breast and ovarian cancer
c) Breast milk protects against the child having infertility issues when he or she tries to have children as an adult
d) Breast milk reduces the child’s risk for lymphoma, allergies, and obesity
c) Breast milk protects against the child having infertility issues when he or she tries to have children as an adult
Aiden sucked his thumb by accident and then intentionally repeated this action because he found it pleasurable. He was focused on his own body rather than the external environment. According to Piaget, Aiden is in the _____________ substage.
a) Primary circular reactions
b) Secondary circular reactions
c) Coordination of secondary schemes
d) Tertiary circular reactions
a) Primary circular reactions
During the Strange Situation assessment, Max appears indifferent when his mother leaves the room and when she returns. He shows a low amount of distress and does not require comforting. Max likely has a/an ______________ attachment with his mother.
a) Secure
b) Avoidant
c) Resistant/Ambivalent
d) Disorganized
b) Avoidant
A functionalist view of emotions incorporates all of the following EXCEPT
a) Emotions and situations are tied together
b) Emotions are only related to the individual, and are not relational
c) Emotions are linked with individual goals
d) Emotions are the result of an individual’s attempt to adapt to demands of the environment
b) Emotions are only related to the individual, and are not relational
Brian and Tamara are worried because their 12-month-old daughter has yet to speak her first word. As an expert in child development, what would you tell them?
a) They should be concerned as most children speak their first word by the time they are 8 months old
b) They shouldn’t be concerned because girls develop speech much later than boys
c) They shouldn’t be concerned because anywhere between 8 and 18 months of age is considered normal for speaking first words
d) They should be concerned because not saying a word at 12 months old is suggestive of Autism Spectrum Disorder
c) They shouldn’t be concerned because anywhere between 8 and 18 months of age is considered normal for speaking first words
Which part of the brain controls basic bodily functions, such as breathing and heart rate, and has been connected to Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)?
a) Cerebrum
b) Limbic system
c) Cerebellum
d) Medulla
d) Medulla
Alex says to his mother, “Play park.” His mother asks, “What game did you play at the park?” This is an example of
a) Recasting
b) Expanding
c) Scripting
d) Labeling
a) Recasting
A 1-month-old
a) Can be securely or insecurely attached with a caregiver
b) Can only be securely attached with one caregiver
c) Shows a preference for familiar caregivers
d) Is in the pre-attachment phase so is indiscriminately attached with caregivers
d) Is in the pre-attachment phase so is indiscriminately attached with caregivers
Which of the following statements best describes social referencing?
a) Using other’s emotional expressions to interpret ambiguous events
b) Developing the ability to show secondary emotions like pride and shame through interactions with same-aged peers
c) Using caregivers as a secure base
d) When upset, learning to signal to the caregiver that soothing is needed
a) Using other’s emotional expressions to interpret ambiguous events
Which of the following neural processes is/are important during critical periods of language development?
a) Myelination
b) Synaptic pruning
c) Synaptogenesis
d) All of the above
d) All of the above
Studies using the visual cliff paradigm (e.g., Gilbson & Walk, 1960) showed us that
a) Newborns have very little peripheral vision
b) At birth, newborns have well developed peripheral vision, similar to that of an adult
c) As early as 1 month old, infants show depth perception in that they refuse to cross the visual cliff
d) Around the same time infants start to crawl, infants start to perceive depth and will refuse to cross the visual cliff
d) Around the same time infants start to crawl, infants start to perceive depth and will refuse to cross the visual cliff