Macromolecules
What is a compound?
A pure substance formed when two or more different elements combine.
What is the difference between active and passive transport?
Active transport requires energy!
Which membrane-bound organelles do prokaryotes have?
NONE!
This simple sugar, produced by photosynthesis or gotten from eating food, is used as the material for the start of Cellular Respiration along with 2 ATP!
Glucose
What are the light independent reactions?
What are the light dependent reactions?
Light Reactions
What are the four macromolecules?
Proteins, lipids, carbohydrates & nucleic acids
What is homeostasis?
Maintaining an internal environment and balance of solutes, etc., despite changes in an external environment. This allows the cell or organism to function and live!
Which organelles in eukaryotic cells are used for energy production and processing?
Mitochondria and Chloroplast
Organize the following stages of cellular respiration into being either aerobic or anaerobic:
Glycolysis, Kreb's Cycle, Electron Transport Chain
Anaerobic: Glycolysis
Aerobic: Kreb's Cycle, Electron Transport Chain
What are the materials for the reaction of photosynthesis?
CO2, H2O and sunlight
What is a food you can find protein in?
What is a food you can find carbohydrates in?
Any kind of meat, bean, chickpea, etc
Bread, sugary things, etc
Why is the membrane itself important?
It separates the cell from its watery environment!
Which organelles in cells are used for protein production?
Nucleus, Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum, Ribosome
How much ATP is usually formed by cellular respiration with a single molecule of glucose?
36-38 ATP
What are the products of photosynthesis?
O2 (Oxygen) and C6H12O6 (Glucose)
Name the elements found in any of the macromolecules!
Carbohydrates: C, H and O
Lipids: C and H
Proteins: C, N, O, H, S
Nucleic Acids: C, H, O, P
What is the structure of the plasma membrane?
A phospholipid bilayer (with polar heads and non-polar tails, arranged tail to tail) reinforced by cholesterol, with carbohydrate chains sticking out. Transport proteins cross through this membrane to provide avenues for large or polar molecules!
Which organelles are used for a cell's movement?
Flagella and cilia
The end product of Glycolysis is two pyruvate molecules that are used to start the Kreb's Cycle, and 2 NADH. What are the end products of the Kreb's Cycle? The byproduct isn't necessary here, but it is appreciated!
8 NADH, 2 FADH2 and two ATP and some carbon dioxide as a byproduct.
After being used by the Calvin, ATP and NADPH return to the Light Cycle in the form of...
ADP and NADP+
What does each macromolecule do?
Carbohydrates: Stores energy, provides structural support
Lipids: Stores energy, provides barriers
Proteins: Transport substances, speeds reactions along, provides structural support, controls cell growth
Nucleic Acid: Store/communicate genetic info
List and describe the two different types of cellular transport, and explain how they work together to maintain homeostasis with the cell membrane.
Active Transport: Typically requires energy, as it involves bringing things into or out of the cell against the concentration gradient.
Passive Transport: Does not require energy, usually happens via diffusion, brings things into and out of the cell based on concentration.
Together, both of these maintain homeostasis as they make sure that the cell is getting what it needs into the cell (and keeping concentrations balanced), as well as getting things out! This keeps the cell environment as it should be, rather than making it exactly as the environment outside of it is, with the cell membrane serving as the barrier they move across.
Explain how the organelles of our cells work together in order to keep them alive and functioning! You must at least include four organelles in this answer.
Student answers may vary, but must include at least four organelles and correctly identify what function each has to help the cell.
How are NADH and FADH2 used in the Electron Transport Chain to create ATP?
They are electron donors! Their H+ ions are pumped through the membrane, then passively diffuse back through ATP synthase in order to make ADP into ATP! This yields 3 ATP per NADH, and 2 ATP per FADH2.
How do environmental factors such as light intensity and CO2 levels affect the rate of photosynthesis?
With more intense light, plants are better able to conduct their light reactions, whereas CO2 will allow the Calvin Cycle to happen with more frequency. Overall, this will result in a greater rate of photosynthesis.