Nature vs Nurture
What does nature refer to in the nature vs. nurture debate?
Traits and influences inherited through genetics/DNA and biology.
Which perspective focuses on how genes, the brain, and other biological factors influence behavior and development?
The biological perspective
Which psychologist's ideas became the foundation of the psychodynamic tradition?
Sigmund Freud
Which psychologist developed a theory explaining how children's thinking and reasoning change as they develop?
Jean Piaget.
About how many hours does the average person spend dreaming each night?
About 2 hours
What does nurture refer to in the nature vs. nurture debate?
Environmental influences such as upbringing and life experiences.
A psychologist studies how rewards, punishments, and environmental experiences shape a person's behavior. Which perspective are they using?
The behavioral perspective
What part of Freud's personality seeks immediate satisfaction and can basically be summarized as “I want it”?
The id.
According to Piaget, which stage begins around age 12 and involves abstract and hypothetical thinking?
Formal Operational Stage.
Which emotion is especially likely to be contagious when you see another person doing it?
Contagious Yawning
In the Little Albert experiment, how did John B. Watson get Albert to fear a white rat?
He repeatedly paired the white rat with a loud, frightening noise, causing Albert to learn the fear.
Alex fails several math tests and begins thinking, “I'm just not a math person.” Which perspective would focus on how this belief affects his future behavior?
The cognitive perspective
What part of personality represents our internalized morals, standards, and expectations?
The superego.
According to Erikson, what psychosocial conflict is especially important during adolescence?
Identity vs. Role Confusion.
What is the Baader-Meinhof phenomenon?
After learning about something for the first time, you suddenly seem to notice it everywhere.
Why are identical twins raised apart useful for studying nature vs. nurture?
They share the same DNA but experience different environments, allowing psychologists to examine genetic and environmental influences.
Which perspective focuses on free will, personal growth, self-concept, and reaching one's potential?
The humanistic perspective
What is the job of the ego?
To balance the demands of the id, the superego, and reality.
A student says, “I won't cheat because cheating is against the rules and dishonest.” Which of Kohlberg's levels of moral reasoning does this represent?
Conventional moral reasoning.
What is the Zeigarnik effect?
psychological phenomenon describes remembering an unfinished or interrupted task better than a completed one?
What does the interactionist perspective conclude about the nature vs. nurture debate?
Nature and nurture work together; human traits and development are influenced by both genes and environmental experiences.
Two students experience the exact same event but react very differently because they interpret the experience differently. Which perspective best explains this difference?
The cognitive perspective
Why does the psychodynamic perspective use an iceberg to represent the human mind?
The small portion above the water represents what we consciously recognize, while the larger portion below represents unconscious memories, desires, fears, and conflicts that may still influence behavior.
A student cannot solve a problem independently but succeeds after a teacher gives some guidance. According to Vygotsky, what concept does this demonstrate?
The Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD).
When people see a “face” in something that isn't actually a face—like a cloud, car, or electrical outlet—what is the brain doing?
Finding a familiar pattern