Diagnosis and Classification
What does the DSM-5 stand for?
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition
Name an anxiety disorder categorised in the DSM-5
Generalised Anxiety Disorder (GAD), Panic Disorder, Social Anxiety Disorder, Phobias
Pharmacotherapy, Psychotherapy, Electroconvulsive therapy and Psychosurgery
What areas of the brain make up the limbic system?
Hypothalamus, Amygdala, Thalamus, Hippocampus, Cingulate Gyrus, Basal Ganglia
What does the p in p-value stand for?
Probability
True or False: The DSM-5 is used internationally
False - the ICD is more widely used internationally, the DSM is primarily used in the USA
How would stigma affect someone seeking help?
Stigma is a mark of disgrace that leaves people feeling embarrassed/ashamed to seek help due to the negative stereotypes surrounding mental health. Therefore, someone who needs help might not seek it.
Name a pro and con for psychotherapy
Pros: evidence-based, highly effective, cost-effective, individualised treatment.
Cons: the evidence is not generalisable (participants in a lab vs. real-life), no medication side-effects, practitioners must be constantly kept up to date.
What is the long route of LeDoux's Biological Model? - provide the brain areas in order.
Thalamus, Cortex, Hippocampus, Amygdala
What t-test is used for a repeated measure?
Two tailed, paired t-test
Susan plans to leave home when she has graduated from university and starts working full time. Her grandparents don't understand this as when they were younger it was expected to leave home once you have graduated high school. Which approach to normality does this describe?
Historical approach to normality
What is the placebo effect.
The phenomenon where a person experiences a real improvement in their physical or mental health after taking an in-active substance.
Name a pro and a con for pharmacotherapy
Pros: evidence-based, highly effective, most medications are convenient and affordable
Cons: takes several tries to find the medication that works for the individual, side effects, practitioners must be constantly kept up to date
What are the two factors of Schachter and Singer's Two-factor theory?
Cognitive Assessment, Physiological Arousal
If an r value is 0.64, what direction and strength is the correlation
positive, strong
Provide an example of a maladaptive behaviour.
A negative coping mechanism that interferes with a persons ability to function on a day-to-day basis.
Following the biopsychosocial model, provide an example of a risk factor for each category for someone diagnosed with depression.
Biological: low serotonin
Psychological: low self-esteem
Social: isolation
What does Electroconvulsive therapy mainly treat?
Major Depression Disorder
Explain Lazarus's Appraisal Theory of Emotion.
Stimulus/event -> primary appraisal (if it is a threat then move on to the secondary) -> secondary appraisal (can I cope) = emotion + physiological arousal
What does validity mean in terms of the data?
How well the data actually measure what it intends to measure
What is a similarity and a difference between the DSM-5 and the ICD-11
Similarity: both are manuals that help diagnose mental health disorders.
Difference: the DSM-5 only addresses psychological disorders, while ICD-11 addresses psychological and physical.
What is the difference between hallucinations and delusions?
Hallucinations are sensory experiences (seeing, hearing, or feeling things that aren't there), while delusions are false beliefs that are firmly held despite evidence to the contrary.
Apply the two-factor theory to the emotion fear.
My heart is racing (arousal) + I am in danger (cognitive assessment) = fear