Biopsychosocial
Describe a protective factor and identify an example
A protective factor helps to prevent the occurrence or reoccurrence of a mental disorder. An example includes maintaining a good diet.
Explain the role of the amygdala in emotion:
The amygdala activates emotions such as fear, it also recognizes emotions
Describe how stigma can lead to an avoidance in help-seeking behavior for mental illnesses, using an example.
Stigma refers to a mark of disgrace that labels a person different. Individual’s may fear the stigma associated with having a mental illness. This stigma can there leave individuals feeling ashamed of their disorders and less likely to receive help.
Which one is used as an inferential statistic?
A) mean
B) p value
C) mode
D) median
E) SD
B) p value
Distinguish between adaptive and maladaptive behaviors.
Adaptative behaviors are learnt through life experience and help individuals to adjust to environments and function effectively in society whereas maladaptive behaviors develop in childhood as means to reduce anxiety but interfere with an individual ability to function for example tantrums.
Name what is involved in a double-blind, placebo-controlled experiment and explain an example.
In these experiments, one group of subjects receives the "real thing"—the active substance being tested. The other half receives a placebo designed to appear, as much as possible, like the real thing. Individuals in both groups don't know whether they are getting the real treatment or placebo (they are "blind"). Furthermore, the researchers administering placebo and real treatment are also kept in the dark about which group is receiving which treatment (making it a "double-blind" experiment). This last part is important, because it prevents the researchers from unintentionally tipping off the study participants, or unconsciously biasing their evaluation of the results.
Describe the two-factor theory of emotion.
The two-factor theory of emotion explains that individuals experience physiological arousal and that their emotional response is based on the interpretation of that situation. This is based on an individual’s cognitive assessment of the situation.
Compare the use of psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy in the treatment of a patient with depression.
Psychotherapy such as cognitive behavior therapy can be used to help a patient overcome and change mental health. CBT has been effective in treating patients with depression as it changes irrational patterns of thinking. However, a limitation is CBT relies on patient motivation. Pharmacotherapy is used to treat depression such as SSRI drugs to increase levels of serotonin. A limitation of this is patients may forget to take medication.
Explain the difference between the statistical and historical approach to normality.
Historical approach suggests normal behavior is based on cues in different periods of time whilst statistical approach identifies normal behavior based on the frequency of the behavior within the specified behavior
Determine a biological, psychological and social protective factors for developing psychological disorders.
Biological: good sleep patterns, no family history of psychological disorders (genetic background), physical health
Social: staying connected with families,
Psychological: awareness recognition and acceptance of mental health condition, learning about mental disorders
Explain why the use of placebo treatments may be unethical
Placebo treatments may be unethical as it may require participants to go without treatment, this can be considered unethical.
Informed consent is an ethical consideration in psychological research. This cannot be attained when there is deception involved in placebo treatment trials therefore being considered unethical
Identify the 5 factors that influence happiness and explain how they influence happiness?
Age: Age has limited effects on happiness, however younger people may experience more intense feelings of happiness whilst older achieve greater overall happiness
Physical health: Being less stressed about physical health has been associated with increased happiness levels.
Culture: cultural expectations can influence how happy an individual is, this can be attributed to reduce stress as well as general happiness.
Religion: individuals who actively participant in religion have increased levels of happiness. This may be because they attend church regularly and therefore have strong sense of community
Employment / income: being employed with a good income reduces stress related to finances which can increase sense of happiness. however, there is little differences in levels of happiness once someone is able to earn an income to support themselves and medical bills.