👑 Section 1: Kingdom of Kongo
Which European country established strong diplomatic, economic, and religious connections with the Kingdom of Kongo?
Portugal
This specific West African cultural group built and established the Oyo Empire
The Yoruba people
This was the official title given to the ruler of Benin, who was a political and spiritual leader
The Oba
Queen Nzinga was an experienced military and diplomatic leader who ruled the Kingdom of Ndongo and this kingdom
Kingdom of Matamba
Túpac Amaru II was a local Indigenous leader (cacique) who claimed direct descent from these past rulers
The Inca
How did Christianity change the Kingdom of Kongo after Europeans arrived?
Many Kongo rulers converted to Christianity, and Catholicism spread throughout the kingdom and blended with traditional beliefs (syncretic practices emerged).
This is the official title given to the supreme monarch or ruler of Oyo
The Alaafin
Benin was defended by an intricate system of walls packed high made out of these two materials
Wood and earthen materials / earth
The Pueblo peoples faced religious persecution, forced labor, violence, and famine caused by drought within this colonial
New Mexico (New Spain)
Túpac Amaru II sought to unite Indigenous peoples, mestizos, and this group against Spanish rule
Creoles
Who was King Afonso I, and what was his relationship with Portugal
He was the son of King João I and a strong supporter of Christianity and European education who sent ambassadors and students to Portugal.
This type of flat, open grassland allowed the Oyo army to use horse cavalry in war
Savanna
This object became a symbol of unity of the Ashanti people and is believed to contain their spirits (Sunsum)
The Golden Stool (Sika dwa)
This Pueblo religious leader organized the resistance against Spanish rule in the 1680 uprising
Popé (Po'pay
These were formerly enslaved Africans who escaped and established independent communities in remote forests, mountains, and swamps
Maroons
Why did King Afonso I become concerned about the Atlantic Slave Trade?
Growing involvement in the slave trade weakened Kongo and caused rival nobles to compete for power and control of trade.
This council of nobles checked the absolute power of the monarch (the Alaafin)
The Oyo Mesi
The traditional religions of Benin and Oyo were both polytheistic, believed in a supreme creator deity, and focused on this
Ancestor veneration
Throughout the 1640s, Queen Nzinga allied with this European trade group to resist Portuguese invasions
The Dutch East India Company
Following the 1680 revolt, the Pueblo peoples successfully remained free from Spanish control for about this many years
12 years
How did population loss through the slave trade weaken Kongo economically and politically?
Slave trading eventually contributed to political instability and decline
This rebellion began when the city of Ilorin led by Afonja broke away, allied with the Fulani, and destroyed Oyo-Ile in 1835
The Ilorin Rebellion
Along with slave trading, the Ashanti became rich from trading rich natural resources like cocoa, kola nuts, and this.
Gold
The bureaucracy in the Ashanti capital of Kumasi was organized this way, meaning officials were assigned positions based on ability rather than birth status
Meritocratic
This is an irregular form of warfare in which small groups use tactics like ambushes, sabotage, raids, and hit-and-runs
Guerrilla warfare