Italian Renaissance
This wealthy Italian banking family controlled Florence and sponsored many Renaissance artists.
Medici
The Northern Renaissance spread to these regions: Flanders, Netherlands, northern France, England, and this country.
This German monk started the Protestant Reformation by nailing 95 complaints about the Catholic Church to a church door.
Martin Luther
This was the Catholic Church's response to the Protestant Reformation, also known as the Catholic Reformation.
Counter Reformation
Henry VIII created this church and named himself its head when the Pope refused to grant him a divorce.
Church of England
This artistic technique creates the illusion of depth and volume on a two-dimensional surface using lines.
Perspective
This German artist was famous for his detailed engravings and helped spread Renaissance art techniques northward.
Albrecht Durer
These certificates could be purchased with money to forgive people of their sins, which Luther strongly criticized.
This Spanish reformer formed the Society of Jesus in 1540, whose members were called Jesuits.
Ignatius of Loyola
Henry VIII desperately wanted this from his marriages to secure the throne for his dynasty.
A male heir/son
This Renaissance master painted the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper, and designed helicopters and tanks centuries before they were built.
Leonardo da Vinci
This English playwright was inspired by Greek and Roman classics and wrote Romeo and Juliet, Macbeth, and Hamlet.
Shakespeare
This Protestant belief taught that salvation comes through faith in God alone, not through good deeds.
Justification by Faith
Created in 1545 by Pope Paul III, this committee of Catholic leaders reviewed church practices and abolished the sale of indulgences.
Council of Trent
This technique uses extreme contrast between light and dark to create dramatic effects in paintings.
Chiaroscuro
This Flemish artist used oil-based paints to create subtle colors and unusually realistic details in his paintings.
Hubert van Eyck
This French reformer founded Calvinism and taught predestination - that God has determined people's futures before they were born.
John Calvin
The Jesuits focused on these three main goals: educating priests, stopping Protestant spread, and this missionary activity.
Converting non Christians to Catholicism
This was Henry's third wife who finally gave him a son, Edward VI, but died shortly after childbirth.
Jane Seymore
This Renaissance belief emphasized human potential, dignity, and the capacity for truth and goodness, encouraging people to pursue meaningful lives on Earth.
This English humanist wrote "Utopia," criticizing English society by comparing it to an imaginary perfect society without greed, corruption, or war.
Thomas More
This document declared Luther an outlaw and heretic, stating that no one in the empire should give him food or shelter.
Edict of Worms
This institution was used by the Catholic Church to accuse, hold trials, and punish heretics, with Spanish and Roman versions targeting Jews, Muslims, and Protestants.
Inquisition
Of Henry's six wives, these two met their end by execution, while two others were divorced, one died, and one survived.
Anne Boleyn and Catherine Howard