Enzymes
-ase
What is the process called when water is added to break a larger molecule into smaller molecules?
Hydrolysis
What process involves removing water to put smaller molecules together to create a larger molecule?
Examples:
- putting together monosaccharides (i.e. glucose) to create di/polysaccharides (i.e. glycogen)
- putting together glycerol and fatty acids to create lipid (triglyceride/fat, phospholipid)
- putting together nucleotides to create nucleic acid (RNA, DNA)
- putting together amino acids to create protein
dehydration synthesis
What monomer is glycogen made of?
glucose: monosaccharide
If a nucleic acid is a string of beads, what does each bead represent?
a nucleotide
Most enzymes are what type of biomolecule?
protein
Select all of the following statements that are correct about digestion:
A) Enzymes and hydrolysis allow polymers in food to be broken down
B) During digestion, food is broken down into monomers that the body can use to build up essential polymers/macromolecules
C) Water is not involved in the process of digestion
D) Though we can breathe and use the nitrogen in the air, we can also get it through water and food.
A and B
Why is water such a good solvent? Looking for two things.
its polarity and ability to form hydrogen bonds allow it to break many molecules apart
What do all lipids have in common?
All lipids are nonpolar and hydrophobic
What part of the amino acid structure gives it its unique structure and function?
R-group/side chain
Enzymes lower what?
Activation energy (the minimum energy required to cause a reaction to occur)
Name which elements (C, H, O, N, P) are in each of the 4 biomolecules.
carbohydrates: CHO
lipids: CHO (though phospholipids have a phosphate (PO4) group)
proteins: CHON
nucleic acids: CHONP
What allows ice float to on water? In other words, why is water less dense as a solid?
Water is less dense as a solid than as a liquid because the hydrogen bonds hold the molecules further apart.
As water freezes, the molecules form a crystalline structure that spaces the molecules further apart than in liquid water.
What is the difference between a triglyceride/fat molecule and a phospholipid in terms of both structure? Looking for 2 differences.
triglyceride/fat: 3 fatty acids and a glycerol backbone; serves as energy source &/or insulation
phospholipid: 2 fatty acids, a glycerol backbone, and a phosphate group (PO4); part of cellular membranes
What are the 3 parts of a nucleotide?
sugar, nitrogenous base, phosphate group
What is this describing: a substrate binds to an active site and both change shape slightly, creating an ideal fit for the chemical reaction to occur. Enzymes are specific and only specific substrates will fit into an enzyme's active site.
induced fit model
Name one function for each of the 4 biomolecules.
Match a function with the biomolecule:
1. Carbohydrate 2. Lipid 3. Protein
4. Nucleic acid
a) store and pass on genetic information
b) enzymatic activity and defense against illness
c) membranes; long-term energy
d) short-term energy; structure
1. d
2. c
3. b
4. a
Draw a water molecule and label which side is partially positive (+) and negative (-).
2 positive hydrogens
1 negative oxygen --> more electronegative (able to attract electrons)
Give an example of a monosaccharide, disaccharide, and polysaccharide.
monosaccharide: glucose, fructose, galactose
disaccharide: sucrose, lactose, maltose
polysaccharide: cellulose, glycogen, starch, chitin
Name which of the following is the primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure of a protein.
A) hydrogen bonds form either alpha helix or beta-sheet
B) overall three-dimensional structure of a polypeptide
C) the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain
D) when multiple polypeptide chains come together
A) secondary
B) tertiary
C) primary
D) quaternary
What does it mean when an enzyme denatures?
Name the 2 factors that can cause denaturation.
the alteration of a protein shape through some form of external stress; unfolding and loss of quaternary structure, tertiary structure, and secondary structure
2 factors: extreme pH and temperature
Name the monomers of each of the 4 biomolecules.
1. Carbohydrate
2. Lipids
3. Proteins
4. Nucleic Acids
1. monosaccharides
2. glycerol and fatty acids
3. amino acids
4. nucleotides
Name the vocabulary word for each definition:
1. when molecules of the same kind stick together
2. when different types of molecules stick together
3. the tendency of a liquid’s surface to resist rupture when placed under stress (the reason for the "skin")
4. the attraction between a partially positively charged hydrogen atom attached to a highly electronegative atom and another nearby electronegative atom
5. type of molecule where one end is slightly positive, while the other end is slightly negative
1. cohesion
2. adhesion
3. surface tension
4. hydrogen bonding
5. polar molecule
What's the difference between a saturated fatty acid and an unsaturated fatty acid? Consider bonds AND their characteristics at room temperature.
Unsaturated fatty acids have at least one double bond, making them more liquid at room temperature.
Saturated fatty acids have all single bonds (saturated with hydrogens) between the carbons, so they easily stack on top of each other, making them solid at room temperature
Name at least 3 parts of the amino acid structure. Bonus points for naming all 5 parts.
central/alpha (α) carbon
R-group/side chain
amino group (NH2)
carboxyl group (COOH)
a hydrogen atom