Standard 1 (basic chemistry)
What is an atom?
Smallest unit of matter that is still an element
Name the 4 types of biomolecules
proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids
Define electrolyte
Ions (charged particles) in the body
What is the range of the pH scale?
0-14
What is 1 difference between ionic and covalent bonding?
Ionic: nonmetal + metal, between ions, forms lattice held together by positive and negative (electrostatic attraction)
Covalent: nonmetal + nonmetal, between atoms, forms discrete structures held together by IMF
Name the 2 types of nucleic acids
RNA & DNA
What is one purpose of electrolytes in the body?
pH balance, hydration/concentration balance, electrical neutrality, action potential
What type of pH is our food?
What makes something a molecule?
Name the 2 types of energy storages
Complex carbohydrates and lipids
Which ion(s) that we discussed are intracellular?
What is our body's pH homeostasis?
7.35-7.45
Why do water and oil not mix?
Water has different type of IMF. The long C-H bonds of lipids cannot form the same type of IMF as water. This is why they can't mix.
What is the difference in STRUCTURE and FUNCTION of a monosaccharide vs a polysaccharide?
Give an example of each.
Structure: monosaccharides have 1 carbon ring / chain and cannot be further broken down, polysaccharides can be further broken down
Function: monosaccharides are immediate energy, polysaccharides are stored energy
Example: glucose is monosaccharide, sucrose / glycogen is polysaccharide
Where do we normally get electrolytes and why would it be necessary to take in additional electrolytes?
From our food; if we are sweating excessively because we lose sodium & chloride ions in sweat
What conditions are associated with going outside our pH homeostasis, and what causes them?
Acidosis (aspirin, alcohol, poison)
Alkalosis (vomiting, diuretics, overactive adrenal gland)
Name the first 5 most common elements in the human body in order.
Oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, carbon, calcium
Name an element common to only 1 type of biomolecule and give its purpose
Phosphorous in DNA which is for sugar-phosphate backbone
Sulfur in proteins which is for disulfide bridges which hold the protein together
What role does the bicarbonate ion have?
pH balance
What is the difference in the concentration of hydroxide ions between milk of magnesia (pH 10.5) and household ammonia (pH 11.5)?
10x more concentrated in ammonia