A
We perceive objects which are close to one another as a group
Gestalt
Proximity
Strategy that uses sensation as opposed to conceptual ideas to perceive information. Also known as 'data-driven processing' because our senses interpret the data we collect.
Bottom-Up processing
Our ability to attend to one voice at a cocktail party out of many voices and other competing sounds sources.
cocktail party effect
An individual fails to perceive an unexpected stimulus in plain sight, purely as a result of a lack of attention rather than any vision defects or deficits.
inattentional blindness
The inability to recall the source of the information
Source Amnesia
Monocular depth cue in that causes parallel lines to appear to meet at some point in the distance
Monocular depth cues
Linear perspective
Mental shortcut that allows an individual to make a decision, pass judgment, or solve a problem quickly and with minimal mental effort.
Heuristics
Monocular depth cues that Objects farther away from other objects are smaller
Monocular depth cues
relative size
Cognitive bias where people's decisions change depending on how options are framed
Framing
The way we modify our cognitive schemas in order to incorporate new information or experiences
Accommodation
The average IQ of humans steadily increases over time.
Flynn Effect
An individual's exposure to a certain stimulus influences their response to a subsequent prompt, without any awareness of the connection.
Priming
When we remember only the physical quality of the word (e.g. how the word is spelled and how letters look).
Level of processing : structural
Subconscious tendencies to approach a problem in a particular way, either helping or interfering in the discovery of a solution. They are shaped by past experiences, habits, and, most importantly, culture.
Mental set
Giving the "correct" answer to standard questions that do not require significant creativity
Convergent Creativity
When new memories interfere with trying to remember old memories or information.
Retroactive interference
Decribe short-term memory as a system with multiple components, which comprises of the central executive, which controls attention and coordinates the phonological loop, and the visuospatial sketchpad
Baddeley and Hitch’s model of working memory
Our tendency to continue with an endeavor we've invested money, effort, or time into—even if the current costs outweigh the benefits.
Sunk-cost fallacy
Cognitive bias that perceived inability of someone to use an object for something other than its original intended purpose
functional fixedness
It proposes that there are three distinct memory stores in the brain: sensory memory, short-term memory (STM), and long-term memory (LTM).
Multi-store model (sensory memory, ST memory, LT memory)
Atkinson and Shiffrin
How a person is able to recall a memory in more detail if it coincides with their mood at the current time.
Mood-Congruent memory
Temporarily maintaining the new information in the short-term memory and usually works by repetition
Maintenance rehearsing
vs elaborative rehearsal
Strategy for memorizing new information which involves imagining yourself placing pieces of information around a room and then visualizing yourself walking back through to pick the information up.
Method of loci
Forgetting occurs at a rapid rate soon after learning, with the majority of forgetting occurring within the first few days
Ebbinghaus forgetting curve
A learning strategy, where practice is broken up into a number of short sessions over a longer period of time.
Spacing effect: Distributed practice