Mitosis
The result of mitosis.
Two genetically identical daughter cells.
three base pairs on mRNA is _________
three base pairs on tRNA is _________
codon and anticodon
Biological shape of DNA
double helix
type of replication that DNA does
semi-conservative (half old, half new)
What is one advantage and one disadvantage of asexual reproduction?
ADV
fast, takes less energy, one parent
DIS
no genetic variation
susceptible to environmental changes
What type of cells do mitosis? Why is this important?
somatic/body cells - body cells need to have genetic continuity which is essential to growth and repair of multicellular organisms
transcription - nucleus
translation - cytoplasm/ribosome
What type of bonds hold the nitrogenous bases together? Are they weak or strong?
Hydrogen bonds (weak)
Why is DNA replication important?
It is vital for genetic material to be copied exactly in order for genes to be passed down from generation to generation.
What is one advantage and one disadvantage of sexual reproduction?
ADV
genetic diversity
can withstand changes in the environment
DIS
takes more time and energy, two parents
List the phases of the cell cycle in order (will also accept a circle drawing)
Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis
Name and define the two steps of protein synthesis.
Transcription - mRNA made from DNA
Translation - RNA used to make amino acid/protein chains
Where is DNA located in a eukaryotic cell? What does it do here (the processes)?
in the nucleus ALWAYS (queen molecule)
Replication (DNA -> DNA)
Transcription (DNA -> mRNA)
The two strands of DNA run ____________. Both strands are built/added to in the same direction (5'-3'). The ________ strand goes the correct way, and the __________ strand goes the opposite way.
antiparallel ; leading ; lagging
What are the three outcomes a mutation can have on an organism?
beneficial, negative, or silent/neutral
Draw and label METAPHASE in a somatic cell with 4 chromosomes.
drawing must include four chromosomes attached to spindle fibers, lined up along the equator of the cell. spindles originate from centrioles.
DNA - ATT GCG ACG GTA
write out
1) the complementary strand of DNA
2) the mRNA transcription strand (using the complementary strand)
3) the tRNA sequence (using the mRNA strand)
3) the amino acid sequence (using a codon chart)
DNA - TAA CGC TGC CAT
mRNA - AUU GCG ACG GUA
tRNA - UAA CGC UGC CAU
AA - Ile-Ala-Thr-Val
Define Chargaff's Rule.
A and T are present in equal amounts
C and G are present in equal amounts
What are the "key players" (enzymes) used in DNA replication
Name and define all four.
Helicase - unzips/breaks H bonds
Primase - places RNA primer so polymerase knows where to start
DNA Polymerase - builds new strands by adding nucleotides
Ligase - glues together Okazaki fragments
What kind of mutation is the most detrimental to genetic continuity, and why?
frameshift mutations (deletion or insertion) can mess up an entire protein by causing nonsense (wrong order of amino acids) and missense (no protein) to form
Draw and label CYTOKINESIS in a plant cell with three chromosomes.
give the full name and function of all four nucleic acids involved in protein synthesis
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) - master copy, holds all genes
mRNA (messenger ribonucleic acid) - carries the expressed gene from the nucleus to a ribosome
tRNA (transfer) - holds/carries amino acids to ribosomes for translation
rRNA (ribosomal) - makes up the ribosome, location of second step of protein synthesis
What is the monomer of DNA?
What are the three parts of this monomer?
nucleotide
deoxyribose sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base (ATCG)
Draw and label a diagram of DNA replication (use ALL terminology learned including enzymes and other vocabulary words)
two strands, unzipped by helicase, polymerase adding nucleotides in the 5'3' direction, primase putting down RNA primer, ligase gluing together fragments on lagging strand (label leading and lagging strand)
What are the four types of chromosomal mutations (name and define)?
duplication - ABC -> ABBC
deletion - ABC -> AC
inversion - ABC -> ACB
translocation - ABC & DEFGH -> ABDEF & CGH