Pop Distribution & Consequences
This factor explains why most of the world’s population lives near coastlines and rivers.
Access to water and fertile land
The percentage of people in a population under age 15 or over age 64.
Dependency Ratio
This region of the world still has many countries in Stage 2 of the DTM due to ongoing improvements in healthcare but high fertility rates.
Sub-Saharan Africa
Neo-Malthusians argue that overpopulation could strain not only food supplies but also these.
Natural Resources or the Environment
The movement of people within the same country, such as rural-to-urban migration.
Internal Migration
The number of people per unit of land suitable for farming.
Physiological density
The generation (cohort) of people born between 1946–1964 in the U.S. who are now impacting healthcare and retirement systems.
Baby Boomers
Countries like Japan and Germany are often categorized in this stage of the DTM, characterized by declining populations.
Stage 5
Pro-natalist policies, like those in France or Singapore, are often designed to address this demographic issue.
According to Ravenstein’s Laws, most migrants move only short distances in this pattern.
This density measure helps geographers understand how efficiently land is being used for farming.
Agricultural density
Countries with higher levels of female education tend to have this trend in fertility.
Lower fertility
Improvements in sanitation, medical care, and food supply explain why death rates drop during this stage.
Stage 2
Malthus believed population increases geometrically, while food supply increases this way.
Arithmetically/ Linear
Migrants forced to leave their homes due to war, persecution, or disaster are classified under this category.
Refugees
Countries with high physiological density often face this challenge related to food supply.
Pressure on agricultural land or food insecurity
When women gain access to education and employment, they often delay this life event.
Childbearing or Marriage
This demographic term describes the point when birth rates equal death rates, resulting in zero population growth.
Replacement-level fertility or Zero Population Growth (ZPG)
Population policies can affect gender ratios, particularly in societies with this cultural preference.
Gender Bias (Preference of sons)
The spread of skilled workers leaving developing countries for better opportunities abroad is called this.
Brain Drain
Areas with sparse populations may struggle to provide these types of services efficiently.
Public or government services (ex:healthcare, schools, transportation)
The measure comparing the number of women who die during childbirth per 100,000 live births.
maternal mortality rate
The DTM focuses on natural increase but does not account for this major population factor.
Migration
Modern Neo-Malthusians argue that sustainability depends on reducing both population growth and this factor related to consumption.
Ecological footprint or Per Capita (household) Resource Use
Policies that restrict immigration or target specific groups can lead to this social consequence.
Discrimination or Social Tension