Cultural Controls
This farming practice reduces pest populations by breaking life cycles of specialist pest insects.
What is crop rotation?
An organism that consumes many prey during its lifetime.
What is a predator
The ion responsible for rapid depolarization during an action potential.
What is sodium (Na⁺)?
Chitin synthesis inhibitors interfere with formation of this structure.
What is the insect exoskeleton (cuticle)?
Heritable reduced sensitivity of a population to an insecticide.
What is insecticide resistance?
This control strategy alters planting dates to disrupt synchrony between pest emergence and crop susceptibility.
What is altering the planting date?
Unlike most microbial insecticides, entomopathogenic fungi infect insects primarily through this route rather than ingestion.
What is penetration through the cuticle?
Calcium influx into the presynaptic terminal triggers this event.
What is neurotransmitter release?
Pyrethroids prolong the opening of these channels.
What are voltage-gated sodium channels?
Environmental risk is best described as toxicity multiplied by this factor.
What is exposure?
Removing infested crop residue to eliminate overwintering sites is an example of this cultural practice.
What is sanitation?
Entomopathogenic nematodes kill insect hosts largely because they release this into the hemocoel.
What are symbiotic bacteria?
High levels of this hormone during molting result in another larval stage.
What is juvenile hormone?
Organophosphates and carbamates inhibit this enzyme.
What is acetylcholinesterase?
A mutation that changes an insecticide’s binding site is this type of resistance.
What is target-site resistance?
Increasing floral diversity to enhance parasitoid longevity is an example of this IPM approach.
What is conservation biological control?
Large releases of mass-reared natural enemies for immediate suppression resemble this type of chemical control strategy.
This class of hormones triggers gene expression necessary for molting.
What are ecdysteroids (or ecdysone)?
Avermectins increase chloride influx through these invertebrate-specific channels.
What are glutamate-gated chloride channels?
Upregulation of detoxification enzymes like P450s is an example of this resistance mechanism.
What is metabolic resistance?
This cultural practice against navel orangeworm removes the overwintering population.
What is the mummy shake - shaking the trees and destroying mummy nuts, a form of sanitation.
In classical biological control, these critical steps are required to ensure success and limit environmental harm?
1) Foreign exploration
2) Testing potential BC against non-target organisms
3) quarantine regulations and clearance
4) Field testing
5) mass rearing and release
Bacillus thuringiensis toxins kill susceptible larvae by creating pores in this tissue after binding specific receptors.
What is the midgut epithelium?
This class of insecticides causes hyperexcitation by blocking GABA-gated chloride channels.
What are phenylpyrazoles?
A low dose of a broad-spectrum insecticide may cause what problems?
Hormesis or hormoligosis
Loss of natural enemies
Selection for resistant alleles in the population