Basic Cell Info
This type of cell has a flat shape and is the most common cell type in the body; it is found in the skin
squamous cell
What cell attachment allows for sperm to swim?
flagella
the direct use of the energy from ATP to move solutes against their gradient.
What is the organelle that synthesizes ATP in the cell?
Mitochondria
What is the role of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum in a cell found in the ovaries or testes?
to produce steroids like estrogen and testosterone, respectively.
This type of cell has the shape of a star and is found only in the nervous system.
Stellate Cells
the movement of water from low to high concentration freely through the cell membrane.
Osmosis
What are the two types of vesicular transport? Explain each of them.
Endocytosis- the movement of molecules into the cell through a vesicle.
Exocytosis- the movement of molecules out of the cell through a vesicle.
What is the role of peroxisomes in the cell?
they breakdown peroxides and free radicals within the cell.
What are the 4 nitrogenous bases of DNA? Which one is replaced in RNA, and what is it replaced with?
Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, Cytosine
Thymine with Uracil
What are the 3 main components found within the cell membrane?
Phospholipids, cholesterol, and proteins (integral and peripheral)
What type of transport is the movement of ions or molecules moving down their gradient without the use of energy? What are the two types and difference between the two types of this transport?
Diffusion: the movement of ions and molecules down their gradient directly through the membrane
Facilitated Diffusion: the movement of ions and molecules down their gradient by moving through a protein embedded in the cell membrane.
What is the net movement of the sodium-potassium pump in the cell membrane?
3 sodium out of the cell and 2 potassium into the cell
What is the role of the nuclear pore in the nucleus?
to allow genetic material out of the nucleus
What is the role of the lysosome within the cell?
to digest the organic molecules needed for energy production and to get rid of damaged cell materials,
What are the two main types of transport proteins found in the cell membrane? What is the difference between the two?
Channel Proteins- ions move freely through the protein from one side of the cell to the other
Carrier Proteins- the protein physically moves ions into or out of cell depending on the type of carrier proteins.
What are the 3 types of carrier proteins? Where do the solutes move?
Uniport- 1 solute in one direction
Symport- two solutes in one direction
Antiport- 2 solutes in opposite directions
A cell with a solute concentration of 30% is placed in a solution that has a solute concentration of 10%. What state will the cell be in once it is placed in the solution? What will happen to the cell?
Hypotonic; it will swell
What is the organelle that is responsible for all vesicular transport?
the golgi apparatus
What is found inside of the nucleus? How many of these molecules and what are they called?
The DNA; 46 chromosomes
Explain why cells would rather have a higher surface area to volume ratio.
The larger cells get the more nutrients that cell will take up and the slower that processes will occur within the cell. Having one huge cell doing one job is not as efficient as ten cells having the same amount of volume within them carrying out the same function while taking up the same amount of surface area as the one giant cell.
to get the inside of the cell more negative than the outside of the cell (homeostasis)
Explain the difference between pinocytosis, phagocytosis, and transcytosis?
Pinocytosis- "cell drinking" or is the taking in of extracellular fluid by the use of a vesicle
phagocytosis- "cell eating" or the taking in of larger materials or other cells by engulfing them fully
transcytosis- is the bringing in of a larger molecule through endocytosis, traveling through a cell, and being released by exocytosis to a target cell.
What is the endosymbiotic theory?
the theory that the mitochondria was once its own cell and was phagocytosed by a single celled organism and became a part of the single celled organisms anatomy because it was beneficial and supplied energy for the cell. This led to years and years of evolution taking place and now the mitochondria is a part of every cell of the body/organisms.
What are the two organelles that have a role with protein production? What roles do each of these play in the process?
Ribosomes- this is where a polypeptide is made from mRNA
Rough ER- this organelle is covered in ribosomes; this is where the polypeptides are folded into proteins