Enlightenment & Revolutionary Ideas
What form of government emerged from the Glorious Revolution of 1688, in which royal power was limited by a constitution?
Constitutional monarchy.
What legislative body declared itself the National Assembly in France in 1789, challenging the existing monarchy?
The National Assembly.
What was the name of the secret gathering in August 1791, associated with Boukman Dutty and Cécile Fatiman, that helped spark the Haitian Revolution?
Bois Caiman
What term describes the right of a people to determine their own political future?
self-determination
What was the name of the British commercial organization whose rule was challenged during the Indian Uprising of 1857?
The British East India Company.
What were the gatherings called where Enlightenment thinkers, writers, and artists met to discuss ideas about reason, rights, and society?
Salons
After the Seven Years' War, Britain introduced new revenue measures in its American colonies. Name ONE specific act mentioned in the lecture that contributed to colonial resistance.
The Tea Act
The Intolerable Acts
The Stamp Act
Name the TWO major agricultural commodities that made Saint-Domingue France's most profitable colony.
Sugar and coffee.
During the 1820s, Greek workers traveled to central and western Europe because of an economic recession. What political ideas did they encounter and bring back to Greece?
Ideas about nationalism and self-rule, which encouraged demands for independence from the Ottoman Empire.
Identify the agricultural crisis from 1845–1846 that contributed to food shortages and rising prices before the European revolutions of 1848
The potato blight of 1845
or
Poor wheat and rye harvests in 1846
Which Enlightenment thinker criticized Jean-Jacques Rousseau's views on women's education and argued that women needed rational education?
Mary Wollstonecraft
In Spanish America, what distinguished Creoles from peninsulares, and why did this distinction contribute to revolutionary discontent?
Creoles were European-descended people born in the Americas, while peninsulares were born in Spain. Creoles often possessed wealth but held less political power than peninsulares.
What two geographic or environmental conditions helped Toussaint Louverture's army resist European forces?
The mountainous terrain of Hispaniola and diseases that devastated European troops.
Who became symbols of German and Italian national unity in the nineteenth century.
Their monarchs/political leaders.
or
Wilhelm I of Prussia for Germany and Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia-Piedmont for Italy.
What was the name of the political and religious state established by the Taiping rebels after they captured Nanjing in 1853?
The Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace
The Enlightenment promoted human rights, yet some of its leading thinkers benefited from slavery. Explain this contradiction using John Locke.
Locke emphasized the responsibilities of governments toward people, yet he held stock in the Royal African Company, which profited from the slave trade.
Explain how France's involvement in the American Revolution contributed to the outbreak of the French Revolution in 1789.
France's support for the American Revolution worsened its national debt. At the same time, returning soldiers and thinkers brought back Enlightenment ideas about liberty and representation, increasing dissatisfaction with the French monarchy.
In 1793, Toussaint Louverture allied with Spain against France, but changed his allegiance the following year. Explain the event that caused this shift and why it mattered to the revolution's goals.
In 1794, the French National Assembly abolished slavery. Louverture shifted his support to France because its new policy aligned more closely with the revolutionary goal of ending slavery in Saint-Domingue.
In 1848, Hungarian nationalists challenged the Habsburg Empire, but some Germans and Croats living within Hungary did not support the movement. Explain why these minority communities sometimes preferred continued Habsburg rule.
Hungarian nationalists wanted greater self-rule or independence, but Germans and Croats feared that a new Hungarian nation-state might place them under the dominance of the Hungarian majority. For these groups, remaining in the Habsburg Empire could seem preferable to becoming minorities in a nationalist state.
Explain why merchants, middle-class liberals, and factory workers initially united in February 1848 but later turned against one another. What happened to the workers' protests in June?
They initially united against King Louis-Philippe, but disagreed after the monarchy fell. Middle-class liberals wanted constitutional government and political rights, while workers demanded jobs and deeper economic reforms. The workers' protests in June were violently suppressed, killing thousands.
Explain how John Locke's social contract theory challenged traditional political authority. Include what Locke believed rulers owed to the governed.
-Locke argued that government should be based on an agreement between rulers and the people rather than inherited authority alone.
-Rulers had responsibilities to protect the interests of those they governed, and their authority needed justification.
Compare the results of the French and Latin American Revolutions. Explain ONE major political change they achieved and ONE limitation that remained in each case.
The French Revolution overthrew the monarchy and established a republic, but political instability and violence followed. Latin American revolutions ended European colonial rule and established new republics, but political power often remained concentrated among wealthy Creole elites.
Haiti declared independence in 1804, yet France continued to exercise economic influence over the new nation. Explain the agreement imposed in 1825 and its long-term consequences for Haiti.
France demanded 150 million francs in exchange for recognizing Haitian independence. Haiti was forced to take loans and make payments that continued into the twentieth centuru
Ethnic nationalism is a force that can unify, liberate, and exclude. Using Greek independence as an example, explain how all THREE effects could occur within the same nationalist movement.
Greek nationalism united people through shared Greek language and Orthodox Christian identity. It helped inspire the struggle for independence from Ottoman rule, achieved by 1830. However, the emphasis on a supposedly pure Greek identity also encouraged violence against Ottoman institutions, mosques, and Jewish synagogues.
Compare the Taiping Rebellion in China (1851–1864) and the Indian Uprising of 1857. Explain ONE cause of each movement and how their defeats affected political authority in China and India.
The Taiping Rebellion emerged amid economic hardship, the opium trade, and dissatisfaction with Qing rule. Its defeat further weakened the Qing government and increased foreign intervention.
In India, heavy taxation and British East India Company interference with local customs contributed to rebellion. After the uprising was suppressed, direct British imperial rule replaced Company rule.