Imaging Techniques
These are the 5 views from which LV systolic function is best evaluated.
What are PLAX, PSAX, A4C, A2C, and A3C views?
Segment of the cardiac cycle from MV closure to AoV closure.
What is systole?
Increasing this is the easiest way to increase stroke volume.
What is heart rate?
This valve opens when the LV pressure drops below the LA pressure.
What is the MV?
Significant MR over time can lead to this.
What is pulmonary hypertension?
This is the separation between the maximum anterior motion of the anterior mitral leaflet and maximum posterior motion of the ventricular septum.
What is E-point septal separation?
Preload
What is the term for the amount or volume the ventricles receive?
Quantitative assessments of LV systolic function make assumptions of this.
What is geometry?
This calculation relies on the rate of rise of the LV pressure in early systole.
What is dP/dT?
This is used to calculate the pressure difference between the RV and RA.
What is the TR jet?
Myocardial thickening occuring in these 4 ways is a qualitative assessment of regional function.
What are normal, hypokinetic, akinetic, and dyskinetic? A fifth way is hyperkinetic. Page 135 Otto
Afterload
What is the pressure against which the LV most overcome to eject blood?
This is the volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute, with stroke volume being the amount pumped on a single beat.
What is cardiac output?
The pressure difference between the LV and LA is typically this.
What is 100 mm Hg?
This vessel's diameter and respiratory responsiveness is used to estimate this.
What is RAP?
Demonstration of this is critical for accurate assessment of LV systolic function.
What is endocardial border?
This law states that the greater the stretch of the myocardium, the greater the contractility.
What is Frank-Starling?
This technique compares the end-diastolic volume to the end-systolic volume in both the A4C and A2C views.
What is Simpson's biplane?
An RV wall greater than 0.5 cm thick is indicative of this.
What is increased afterload?
RAP and the pressure gradient between the RV and RA are used to calculate this.
What is RVSP or PASP?
This can be used to aid in imaging of the LV walls.
What is IV contrast?
This has predictive value for the clinical outcome for a wide range of diseases such as ischemic cardiac disease, cardiomyopathies, valvular heart disease, and congenital heart disease.
What is systolic function?
This is the product of cross-sectional area times velocity time integral.
What is stroke volume?
LA pressure is a reasonable estimate of this.
What is pulmonary capillary wedge pressure?
As long as this is not present, RVSP = PASP.
What is pulmonic valve stenosis?