Carbohydrates
What is the monomer that makes up carbohydrates?
monosaccharides (glucose main example)
What are the two main parts of a triglyceride?
Glycerol & 3 fatty acids
What elements make up proteins?
Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen
What do enzymes do to activation energy?
Lower activation energy - easier to get molecules to collide at proper orientation
Which macromolecule stores the instructions for building proteins?
nucleic acids (DNA & RNA)
What reaction joins two monosaccharides together to form a disaccharide?
Why don’t lipids dissolve in water?
Non-polar C-H bonds do not dissolve in polar water
What are the monomers of proteins?
amino acids
What happens to an enzyme after it catalyzes a reaction?
it remains unchanged and can be reused
What are the monomers of nucleic acids?
nucleotides
Plants store glucose as ________, while animals store it as ________.
starch; glycogen
Differentiate between carbohydrates and lipids in terms of providing energy and transport
Carbs = quick energy, easy to transport, less energy (4 cal/g)
Fats = slower energy source, harder to transport, more energy (9 cal/g)
Which property of an amino acid most affects the shape of a protein?
R group - can be -, +, NP, or P
What term describes an enzyme losing its shape due to high temperature or pH changes?
denature
Describe hydrolysis
breaks polymers into monomers by adding water
Complex carbs have cellulose which we cannot digest (do not have enzymes for it) --> slows down the release of glucose into bloodstream
What makes a fatty acid “unsaturated” vs "saturated"?
Saturated - no double bonds, straight, solid at room temp
Unsaturated - double bond, bent structure, liquid at room temp
Name 3 functions of proteins
Build muscle & other parts of body (hair, nails, bone, etc), fight disease (antibodies), digestion, regulation, oxygenation, transport
Specific pH each enzyme works best at - take it out of that range, it will not function because it unfolds and loses shape of active site
During exercise, how do carbohydrates and proteins help recovery?
carbohydrates restore glycogen and proteins rebuild muscle from amino acids
What are the two major functions of carbohydrates? Which polysaccharides perform each of the functions?
Energy - glycogen & starch
Structure - cellulose & chitin
Describe the structure of a phospholipid and explain its role in cell membranes.
Phosphate group, glycerol, and 2 fatty acid tails
Phosphate = polar, hydrophilic, faces outside
Fatty Acids = nonpolar, hydrophobic, faces inside
How could changing an amino acid affect protein structure?
Could change the folding because of its nature as +, -, NP, or P
Describe how enzyme activity changes with temperature
Lower temp - lower enzyme activity
Increase temp - increase enzyme activity (more collisions) EXCEPT when you get past optimal temp
TOO HOT - enzyme denatures, active site loses shape, no longer functional
What is water's role in processing macromolecules and recovering from exercise?
Hydrolysis - breakdown glycogen and fat through hydrolysis (addition of water)
Sweating so we don't overheat, transport nutrients and electrolytes throughout body