Cell Structure and Function/ Theory
Cell Function Only
Cell Transport/ Cell Membrane
Review Questions from Unit ONE
Odds and Ends
100

Historical developments led to the establishment of the modern cell theory in the 19th century. Which of these statements is not included in the current cell theory?

  • A. All organisms are composed of one or more cells.
  • B. New cells arise exclusively from the division of pre-existing cells.
  • C. Individual cell organelles possess the ability to replicate independently.
  • D. Cells represent the fundamental building blocks of structure and function in living things.

Individual cell organelles possess the ability to replicate independently.

100

What is the primary function of the stacked-disk organelle (chloroplast)?

  • A. Synthesize proteins
  • B. Assemble ribosomes
  • C. Produce glucose and oxygen via photosynthesis
  • D. Package and route proteins to destination sites

 Produce glucose and oxygen via photosynthesis

100

Phospholipids form the foundational bilayer of cell membranes. How is a phospholipid molecule structurally organized?

  • A. A polar hydrophilic head paired with nonpolar hydrophobic tails.
  • B. A nonpolar hydrophobic head paired with polar hydrophilic tails.
  • C. A polar hydrophobic head paired with a nonpolar hydrophilic tail.
  • D. Two nonpolar hydrophilic tails.

A polar hydrophilic head paired with nonpolar hydrophobic tails.

100

Which microscope is specifically designed to produce a detailed 3-dimensional surface image of a microscopic bacterium?

  • A. Compound light microscope
  • B. Scanning electron microscope
  • C. Dissecting stereoscope
  • D. Transmission electron microscope

Scanning Electron Microscope

100

Cellular metabolism requires constant energy currency transfers. How does energy become liberated for cellular work?

  • A. Cells shed all three attached phosphate groups from ADP sequentially.
  • B. The removal of the last phosphate group from ATP releases energy.
  • C. Energy is released when extra phosphate groups bond onto ATP.
  • D. Energy is freed as ADP molecules combine with loose phosphates.

The removal of the last phosphate group from ATP releases energy.

200

Which biological entity is classified as non-living primarily because it lacks cellular structure?

A. Eukaryote

B. Prokaryote

C. Virus

D.  Bacterium

Virus

200

How do plant cell vacuoles typically differ from those found in animal cells?

  • A. Plant vacuoles are larger to store water and provide structural turgor support.
  • B. Plant vacuoles are larger because they contain pigments vital for photosynthesis.
  • C. Plant vacuoles are smaller and more numerous to help fight invaders.
  • D. Plant vacuoles are smaller and tightly stacked to transport materials.

Plant vacuoles are larger to store water and provide structural turgor support.

200

If extracellular material is engulfed by the cell membrane to form a vesicle. Which transport mechanism is depicted?

  • A. Active transport via protein pump
  • B. Active transport via endocytosis
  • C. Passive transport via exocytosis
  • D. Passive transport via osmosis

 Active transport via endocytosis

200

Which instrument would be most appropriate for observing a live animal cell undergoing cell division?

  • A. Light microscope
  • B. Scanning electron microscope
  • C. Transmission electron microscope
  • D. Unassisted human eye

Light Microscope

200

Plant leaves feature specialized microscopic pores called stomata. What typically happens when a plant's stomata open?

  • A. Glucose enters, and carbon dioxide escapes.
  • B. Carbon dioxide enters, and glucose escapes.
  • C. Oxygen is absorbed and expelled simultaneously.
  • D. Carbon dioxide is absorbed for photosynthesis, and oxygen is released as a byproduct.

 Carbon dioxide is absorbed for photosynthesis, and oxygen is released as a byproduct.

300

What type of cell is surrounded by a cell wall, contains mitochondria and chloroplasts, and features a defined nuclear membrane. What type of cell best fits this description?

  • A. Animal cell
  • B. Bacterial cell
  • C. Virus
  • D. Plant cell

Plant

300

 Which organelle is primarily responsible for cellular respiration?

  • A    chloroplasts
  • B    lysosomes
  • C    Mitochondria
  • D    nucleus

Mitochondria

300

Carbon dioxide moves freely into leaf cells because its external concentration is ______________ than its internal concentration, driven by the process of ______________.

  • A. Higher, simple diffusion
  • B. Lower, simple diffusion
  • C. Higher, facilitated diffusion
  • D. Lower, facilitated diffusion

Higher, simple diffusion

300

Which unique property (ies) of water allows it to travel upward from plant roots through the xylem against gravity?

  • A. Universal solvent capacity
  • B. Cohesion and adhesion forces
  • C. Expansion upon freezing
  • D. High specific heat capacity.

 Cohesion and adhesion forces

300

. During short bursts of heavy lifting, a weightlifter's muscle cells experience oxygen shortages, leading to fatigue. What physiological shift occurs in these muscle cells?

  • A. They maintain aerobic respiration continuously via heavy breathing.
  • B. They generate identical ATP quantities without needing oxygen.
  • C. They shift to anaerobic pathways to sustain low-level ATP production without oxygen.
  • D. Muscle cells undergo rapid cell death due to temporary strain.

They shift to anaerobic pathways to sustain low-level ATP production without oxygen.

400

Which organelle is correctly matched with its primary cellular role?

  • A. Chloroplast: Packaging and sorting proteins
  • B. Central Vacuole: Water storage
  • C. Mitochondria: Protein synthesis
  • D. Cell Membrane: Structure and rigid support

Central Vacuole- Water Storage

400

The single-ring sugar monomer plays a critical role in energy capture and transformation. To which group of macromolecules does it belong?

  • A. Nucleic Acids
  • B. Proteins
  • C. Carbohydrates
  • D. Lipids

Carbohydrates

400

If a cell containing a 50% salt solution (50% water) is submerged in an 85% salt solution beaker (15% water), what will occur?

  • A. Water enters the cell because the external environment is hypertonic.
  • B. Water enters the cell because the external environment is hypotonic.
  • C. Water leaves the cell because the external environment is hypertonic.
  • D. Water leaves the cell because the external environment is hypotonic.

  • Water leaves the cell because the external environment is hypertonic.
400

Which option lists the four major classes of organic macromolecules essential for life?

  • A. Mitochondria, Glucose, ATP, Water
  • B. Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids
  • C. Carbohydrates, Water, Proteins, DNA
  • D. Chloroplasts, Photosynthesis, Cellular Respiration, Mitochondria

 Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids

400

In the 1830s, Schleiden and Schwann studied plant and animal tissues respectively, eventually formulating early cell theory concepts. Why was their development of cell theory considered a valid scientific process?

  • A. They formulated hypotheses that gained immediate popularity.
  • B. They utilized institutional procedures approved by authorities.
  • C. They recorded empirical observations that could be independently replicated by peers.
  • D. They drew conclusions that were instantly mandated across the scientific community.

They recorded empirical observations that could be independently replicated by peers.

500

A student claimed: "Animal cells contain mitochondria, whereas plant cells do not." How should this claim be evaluated?

  • A. Correct, because plant cells rely entirely on chloroplasts.
  • B. Correct, since plant cells do not need to process glucose.
  • C. Incorrect, because both plant and animal cells require mitochondria to break down glucose for energy.
  • D. Incorrect, because only plant cells have mitochondria to support cell walls.

Incorrect, because both plant and animal cells require mitochondria to break down glucose for energy.

500

The fluid-mosaic cell membrane consists of proteins and lipids. What is the primary function of the cell membrane?

  • A. Generate chemical energy for the cell.
  • B. Regulate the entry and exit of substances based on molecular size and properties.
  • C. Store reserve water specifically for photosynthesis.
  • D. Provide rigid outer structure and mechanical support.

 Regulate the entry and exit of substances based on molecular size and properties.

500

Nerve cells rely on the sodium-potassium pump to transmit electrical signals. This protein pump functions by:

   A. Moving molecules from low to high             concentration without expending energy

 B. Moving molecules from high to low concentration without energy.

 C. Utilizing cellular energy to move ions from low to high concentration.

  D. Utilizing energy to shift molecules down their concentration gradient.



Utilizing cellular energy to move ions from low to high concentration.

500

A student set up an experiment testing whether blue jays preferred a newly formulated bird food over their standard food by placing out the new food each evening and counting visiting birds. What critical element was missing to make this test scientifically valid?

  • A. She should have counted all bird species instead of focusing on blue jays.
  • B. She should have included a control group using the previous food type for comparative baseline data.
  • C. She should have introduced dozens of commercial food options simultaneously.
  • D. She should have measured food consumption during both morning and evening blocks.

She should have included a control group using the previous food type for comparative baseline data.

500

Write the equation for photosynthesis:

Write the equation for cellular respiration:

6 H2O  +  6 CO2 +  Sunlight =   C6H12O6 + 6 O2

C6H12O6 + 6 O2=  36/38  ATP+ 6 H2O  +  6 CO2

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