Chapter 4
Describe Communicative Language Teaching
Focus on how language was actually used as opposed to how it was formed
Communicative functions – what could people do with the language
Apologize
Agree
Bus driver
Janitor
Receptionist
Chef
Police officer
What does the Critical Period Hypothesis state?
The critical period hypothesis states that there is a 'critical period' for language learning, which ends sometime around puberty.
What is Differentiation?
It is where teachers adapt their approach for different students so that the entire class have the chance to perform to the best of their ability.
Can feel forced
No individualized practice
Risk of public failure
Does not encourage responsibility
Not the most communicative
Explain what Flipped Classroom means
Students do the 'learning' at home and class time is devoted to practicing.
Describe Audiolingualism
Stimulus – response – reinforcement method
Attempted to build good habits through positive reinforcement
Lacked real – life context
Oral – Situational Approach – British variant
Describe young learners up tp 5 years old.
are enthusiastic about learning (if it happens in the right way).
learn best through play and other enjoyable activities.
use everything in the physical world (what they see, do, hear and touch, etc.) for learning and understanding things.
use language skills without analyzing (or being able to analyze) why or how they use them.
like to do well and enjoy being praised.
have lively imaginations.
cannot, sometimes, tell the difference between fact and fiction.
have a short attention span: they can’t concentrate on the same thing for a long time.
will talk (and participate) a lot if they are engaged.
often do not understand the adult world, but they don’t say ‘I don’t understand’. They just ‘go along’ with it.
are very good at imitating people – so they pick up the teacher’s intonation, etc.
Cannot decide what to learn by themselves (or how to do it).
are self-centered and like playing by themselves.
are comfortable with the idea that there are rules and routines for things.
Chapter 7 mentions several key elements to successfully teach large groups. Name 3 of these elements.
Be organized
Establish and use routines
Use the students
Use pair and groupwork
Use the room
Use the size of the class to your advantage
Name 2 common seating arrangements.
Circle
Horseshoe
separate tables/pods
What does TEA stand for?
Training, Equipment, Access
Describe the Direct Method
Reaction to the Grammar – Translation Method
More communication between teacher and students
Conversation style
Language learning happens inductively
Discovering the rules from exposure to the language
What are some positive characteristics of teenagers?
Huge reserves of (temporary) energy
Very passionate
Extremely humorous
Classes can be full of laughter
Very creative thinking
May be the most enjoyable group to work with
What does SEN stand for?
Special Educational Needs
What are some advantages of pair work?
Develop autonomy
Restores peace
Less stressful
Individualized feedback
What does TITO stand for?
Time in, Time out
Describe the primary features of the Grammar-translation Method
Translate from the target language (L2) into the first language (L1) and vice versa
Sentence level only
Little to no consideration of spoken language
Accuracy was considered a necessity
What are some challenges that adult learners bring into the classroom?
They can be critical of teaching methods. Their previous learning experiences may have predisposed them to one particular methodological style, which makes them uncomfortable with unfamiliar teaching patterns. Conversely, they may be hostile to certain teaching and learning activities which replicate the teaching they received earlier in their educational careers.
They may have experienced failure or criticism at school, which makes them anxious and under-confident about learning a language.
Many older adults worry that their intellectual powers may be diminishing with age. They are concerned to keep their creative powers alive (Williams and Burden 1997: 32).
Adults are more likely to miss lessons than younger learners for a variety of reasons.
Even when adults are successful at learning grammar and vocabulary – and dealing with language skills – they ‘may still experience significant difficulty mastering pronunciation and oral fluency’ (Sampson 2010
This picture makes reference to an issue from chapter 7, what is that issue?
Mixed ability classes
What are 2 advantages and 2 disadvantages of group work?
Advantages
Increases communication
Independent work
Individualized attention
Cooperation
Relaxed and friendly
Quick and easy to organize
Disadvantages
Can be noisy
Discussions can get off topic
Not always popular
Linguistic limitations
Partnering can be difficult
What is the difference between a Digital Native and a Digital Immigrant?
Digital Native – someone who grew up in a digital age
Digital Immigrant – someone who had to learn how to use technology
Approach
refer to theories about the nature of language and language learning.
describes how language is used and how its constituent parts interlock – it offers a model of language competence.
describes how people acquire their knowledge of the language and makes statements about the conditions which will promote successful language learning.
Method
it is the practical classroom realization of an approach.
Procedure
it is an ordered sequence of techniques.
It is a sequence which can be described in terms such as First you do this, then you do that ...
Technique
it is a single activity rather than a sequence
Describe the 4 types of motivation presented in chapter 5.
Extrinsic motivation-Comes from outside the learners themselves. Need or desire to pass and exam, need to learn a language for an upcoming trip
Intrinsic motivation-Comes from within.Passion for learning. Driven by a desire to succeed
Instrumental motivation-Learning because it will have an instrumental benefit
Integrative motivation-We want to be part of the language speaking community
Teachers can do several things to differentiate. Name 3 things.
Give different students different tasks
Give the students different roles/levels of support
Challenge early finishers
Encourage different student responses
Identify student strengths – linguistic or non-linguistic
Generally, a small group of how many students is ideal?
5 students.
How can a corpus help teachers and students?
Answers may vary.