Chapter 3 (lessons 1-3)
a collection of people or an organization of persons.
Society
rules of action or statutes established by authorities
law
refers to the physical objects, resources, and spaces that people use to define their culture.
material culture
a universal human reaction found in all known societies, in all groups, and in practically all individuals.
ethnocentrism
refers to the relationship between its members.
social structure
the Whorf hypothesis, or Whorfianism, is a principle suggesting that the structure of a language affects its speakers' worldview or cognition, and thus people's perceptions are relative to their spoken language.
Hypothesis of Linguistic Relativity
are ways of enforcing compliance with social norms.
sanctions
Something or an idea that someone has faith in.
beliefs
are elements, patterns, traits, or institutions that are common to all human cultures worldwide.
cultural universal
which a certain individual occupies at a particular time
status
term that refers to socially approved and traditional norms or standards of everyday behavior.
folkways
Are ways of enforcing compliance with social norms.
formal sanctions
refers to the practices, values, or norms that society is supposed to follow or desires to achieve.
ideal culture
refers to the shared thoughts of a particular group regarding their way of life. The structure of a certain culture is based on four major elements including, language, norms, values, and beliefs.
cultural particulars
a term used in sociology that refers to the social status of a person that is assigned at birth or assumed involuntarily later in life.
ascribed status
The term, mores, introduced by the US Sociologist William Graham Sumner, can be understood as the norms which are very strictly enforced due to their importance in maintaining the well-being of the group.
mores
Are enacted by individuals or groups upon other individuals or groups without the use of formal systems.
Informal Sanctions
is a group of people with a culture (whether distinct or hidden) which differentiates them from the larger culture to which they belong
subculture
the process through which people are taught to be proficient members of society.
socialization
it is a position that is earned or chosen and reflects a person's skills,abilities
achieved status
A prohibition of social actions based on false beliefs that performing such actions is either too scary or too dangerous for the human race.
taboo
are a set of principles that are morally acceptable by society.
values
Groups that fall outside of modern norms about equality.
counter-culture
is a social psychological concept, created by Charles Horton Cooley in 1902, stating that a person's self grows out of society's interpersonal interactions and the perceptions of others
looking-glass self
describing the privilege or right of one group to dominate over another.
master status