Absolute Monarchs
What belief stated that a monarch’s power came directly from God?
Divine Right
According to Enlightenment thinkers, where does government power come from?
The consent of the governed
What social group made up about 80% of France’s population and paid the most taxes?
The Third Estate
Who led the successful slave revolt in Haiti?
Toussaint L’Ouverture
What term describes loyalty to a nation of people rather than a king or empire?
Which Spanish king defended Catholicism and expanded his empire across Europe and the Americas?
Philip II
What were the five key Enlightenment ideas promoted by philosophers?
Reason, Nature, Happiness, Progress, Liberty
What event is celebrated as the symbolic start of the French Revolution on July 14, 1789?
The Storming of the Bastille
Which country gained independence peacefully under Dom Pedro’s leadership?
Brazil
Name two of the three political philosophies that clashed in Europe during the 1800s.
Conservative, Liberal, or Radical
The Dutch provinces gained independence from which powerful European nation?
Spain
What American document written by Thomas Jefferson reflected Enlightenment ideals?
The Declaration of Independence
Who was executed by guillotine and ruled as a dictator during the Reign of Terror?
Maximilien Robespierre
Which South American countries did Simón Bolívar and José de San Martín lead to Independence
Venezuela and Argentina
What European country gained independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1830?
Greece
What kind of government developed in England after the English Civil War, where the monarch’s power was limited by Parliament?
Constitutional Monarchy
Which French philosopher promoted freedom of speech and religion and criticized absolute monarchy?
Voltaire
Who Long did the Spanish and French War last?
5 Years
What is a Mestizo
A person of Mexican/Native and European decent.
What was the goal of most liberal revolutions in 19th-century Europe?
To create constitutional governments or republics
Name one reform that came from England’s shift toward constitutional monarchy
Habeas Corpus, Bill of Rights, or Cabinet System
How did the Enlightenment lead directly to political revolutions?
people to question traditional authority and demand rights and representation.
Name one of Napoleon’s major military mistakes that led to his downfall.
Invasion of Russia
What meeting restored Europe’s monarchies after Napoleon’s fall?
The Congress of Vienna
Name one of the countries that failed a revolution in the Post-Napoleon era?
Belgium, Poland, Austria-Italy, Bohemia