Miscellaneous
Explain the concept of tolerance.
Requiring greater and greater amounts of the drug to experience the same effect
What is LSD derived from?
Ergot alkaloids
What is an analgesic?
A pain relieving substance
What did Sobell & Sobell (1978) find and MCAGE?
Learning to drink in moderation could be more effective for some than total abstinence.
MCAGE: High ecological validity, Gender biased, Low sample-to-population generalization (purposive sampling used), Follow-up studies that contacted the men later challenged the results
Which two neurotransmitters do amphetamines increase?
Norepinephrine and dopamine
What is the opponent process theory as a cause for substance abuse?
People first take drugs for the good feeling but use it long term to get rid of the crash that is a bad feeling
Name three hallucinogens.
LSD, Marijuana, PCP (phencyclidine);magic mushrooms (psilocybin);ketamine;mescaline (peyote cactus);morning glory seeds;datura.
Name three opioid drugs.
Heroin, fentanyl, oxycodone, hydrocodone, codeine, morphine
Name two out of three neurotransmitters that alcohol affects.
GABA, glutamate, serotonin
What is the difference between methamphetamine and amphetamine?
Meth has a stronger effect on the cental nervous system
What is the difference between substance use and substance dependance?
Dependence is an addiction and can exist without abuse. Abuse occurs when the drug use affects one life.
What did Wall. et al. (2012) find and MCAGE.
states with legalized medicinal marijuana also had higher rates of illegal adolescent use.
MCAGE: High ecological validity, High representational generalization (National survey design), Low cross-cultural validity (only America), Correlational findings, Potential desirability and volunteer bias
How did Olds (1956) find the pleasure center that releases dopamine and natural opiates?
Stimulating brains of rats
Name typical characteristics of fetal alcohol syndrome.
Facial anomalies, cognitive deficits, behavior problems, and learning difficulties
What did Charlton et al. (1997) find and MCAGE.
Boys who showed a preference for Formula One racecar drivers who were sponsored by tobacco companies we more likely to begin smoking themselves.
MCAGE: High ecological validity, Gender-biased, Low sample-to-population generalization (Only one age group from Britain), Self-report data, Correlational relationship
What did Kendler, Jacobson, Prescott, & Neale (2003) find?
The use of drugs was largely due to environmental factors, whereas the abuse was primarily genetic.
What is the name of the THC that our brains naturally produce?
anandamide
What drug treatment is a substitute for heroine and what is it named?
Methadone agonist substitution
Name a drug that is a depressant besides alcohol.
Anxiolytic, hypnotic, or sedative drugs
Which receptors does nicotine stimulate?
The nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
What is the reward/pleasure center of the brain called?
nucleus accumbens
What are the long term effects of marijuana according to Haas & Hendin (1987)?
Long-term marijuana use leads to impairments in memory, motivation, concentration, self-esteem, relationships with others, and employment outcomes.
What two factors in the body's natural opiate system induce a high?
Enkephalins and endorphins
Explain why alcohol causes stimulation although it is a depressant.
Alcohol depresses inhibitory centers of the brain like areas rich in GABA, glutamate, and serotonin.
What is Zyban and what did Hurt et al. (1997) find about it?
Zyban is a Antagonist drug that blocks the pleasure from nicotine and relieves withdrawal symptoms. Hurt found that Zyban is more effective than a placebo at aiding smoking cessation.