A flaw in sampling, producing inaccurate representation
100
What is the goal of experimental design?
Validity
100
What does inferential statistics help us do?
Inferential statistics helps us determine if results can be generalized to a larger population.
100
What does our culture shape?
Our behavior
200
Why do we look for order in random sequences?
Random sequences often don't look random
200
What are the three ways to describe behavior? (State 2)
Case Studies, Natural Observation, Survey
200
What type of research method can sometimes be hindered by it not being ethical to manipulate certain variables?
Experimental Method
200
What does statistical significance mean?
Statistical significance is a statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance.
200
What is NOT the purpose of a laboratory experiment?
To re-create the exact behaviors of everyday life
300
What is hindsight bias?
The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that we would have foreseen it
300
What is a theory?
EXPLAINS behavior or events by offering ideas that ORGANIZE what we have observed
300
What is a way of showing a trend such as a taller people generally having larger shoe size?
Positive Correlation
300
What does standard deviation and range mean?
Standard deviation is a computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score. Range is the difference between the lowest and the highest scores in a distribution.
300
What is the APA?
The American Psychological Association
400
What 3 qualities make up the scientific attitude? (Name 2)
Curiosity, Skepticism, Humility
400
What is the subtle change in how one asks a question that influences bias?
Wording Effects
400
What is a famous saying about causation?
"Correlation does not prove causation"
400
What are the measures of central tendency? What does each of them mean?
Mean: arithmetic average. Total sum of all scores divided by the number of scores.
Median: median is the midpoint or the 50th percentile.
Mode: the most frequently occurring score or number in a distribution.
400
What must we remember even when specific attitudes and behaviors vary by gender or culture?
The underlying processes are much the same
500
What is the 3 phenomena that illustrate why we can't solely rely on intuition and common sense? (Name 2)
Hindsight biased, judgmental overconfidence, tendency to perceive patterns in random events
500
Name 2 of the 3 factors of a good theory.
1. Effectively organizes a range of self-reports & observations.
2. Leads to clear hypothesis that anyone can check
3. Research leads to prediction being true/false
500
A college class gets less signups the lower amount of A's given in the class the previous semester. What type of correlation is this an example of?
Positive Correlation
500
What are the three principles when deciding if it is safe to generalize about a sample?
1. Representative samples are better than biased samples.
2. Less-variable observations are more reliable than those that are more variable.
3. Most cases are better than fewer.
500
What are three of the four requirements for an ethical experiment?
1. Informed consent
2. Protection against physical or emotional discomfort
3. Confidentiality
4. Debriefing